HRM individual assignment performance management Essay

HRM individual fitting performance instruction - Essay ExampleCorporate Services/Corporate Capability service- provides solutions such(prenominal) as forethought of records, facilitation management, carry out the work procedures and policies documentation, acquires plans for purchasing and procurement.Human Resources service- handles the matters like fraud, grievances and wrongdoing handling, job designing and evaluating. They take into account Performance management, provide psychometric assessment and sets remuneration benchmarking. It as well as includes providing a complete strategic human resource management and planning.Organisational Services- assist in reviewing the agate line process, changing the management and bringing the organisational change. Thus they provide a complete solution for business and strategic planning. This service also covers risk management.Recruitment & Selection- the company maintains high standards for recruitment and selection process. They go for dissimilar screening technique such as personality strain, intelligent quiescent, emotional quiescent, stress test, health test and checking the references. These entire tests are being done to check before hand that will the work twinge be able to take the work load.Training- the employees who are selected has to be trained so that they underside develop the required skill for performing their job. Training is a continuous process. It should be provided as and when required for study of employees.Setting rules and regulation- rules and regulation provide the frame work within which the whole plaque has to work. The performance of employee is appraised by comparing against these standards. They make the organization work smoothly and efficiently. Performance appraisal- the performance of the employees has to be appraised. This helps the organization to report the employees who are performing above average and also helps to identify those employees whose performances are b elow average level. The management can drill down to find out the reasons behind. If required cooking and further assistance can be arranged.Career development - management should set the career path and provide proper training as and when requiredGrievance handling- it is the duty of organization that employee should feel satisfied with their job. They should have the feeling that organization cares for them and if any injustice happens they can easily approach the management and their problem will be solved.Compensation- the management should take care that each employee should be paid as per his/her performance. The

How ares of contract law, specifically pre-marital agreements are Essay

How atomic number 18s of contract justice, specifically pre-marital engagements are affected from a womens liberationist perspective Discuss in light of Radm - Essay ExampleSome statutory feminists push for the adequate application of laws to both men and women. Others believe that the law and the courts must take extra steps to opt women over men considering that women are, by definition and in reality, placed at a lower category than men in society. This clash of perspectives may even be more pronounced in the eld to come with the recent Supreme Court decision in Radmacher v Granatino,1 an English premarital agreement case. This case does not only reverse previous decisions of courts in prenuptial agreements by conferring a rebuttable arrogance on much(prenominal) agreements but it breaks the stereotypical image of wealthy men enforcing premarital agreements against economically vulnerable women spouses. The implication of the sweeping application of the legal dictum of Radmacher in future cases is to deprive women spouses, generally perceive to be the less economically viable partner, of court intervention and assistance in prenuptial agreements where such agreements contain provisions disadvantageous to women. The Feminist Legal Theory The feminist legal theory emerged in the 1970s and, as with any other feminist movement, was driven by the perception that men miss and shape society, which itself subordinates women to men. Feminists bewailed that legal outlines render decisions with underlying assumptions about gender, therefore, justifying and further institutionalising gender inequality. Such gender assumptions, harmonise to them, can be gleaned in decisions that take into account and were influenced by essentially gender-related factors. It had been argued by some feminist movements that it was not nature that subordinates women in a sphere of domesticity, but culture aided by the courts with the last mentioneds restrictive decisions aga inst women such as prohibiting married women to own or dispose property.2 Feminist legal movements, however, approaches their battle from diverse perspectives, some of which are complementary, whilst others are plainly conflicting. Nonetheless, all feminist legal models blest the legal and judicial systems in perpetuating gender hierarchy. The liberal equality model insisted that men and women should be set alike in all respects. This model insists on the sameness between men and women in arriving at rational choices and seeks to dispute the perception that women are inferior to men, and should therefore, be accorded the same legal treatment as men. This means that even favour accorded to women because of their sex violates equality because it results in the differentiation of women and men.3 This model was, however, eventually assailed as weak because of its failure to take into account real and actual differences between the sexes such as motherliness in the employment area. On the other hand, the radical feminist model emphasises the differences between the sexes and rallies the legal system to give special treatment to women. Contrary to the liberal equality model, the radical feminist model compels the law to highlight such differences and accord relief to women to bridge the gap of inequality that separates them from men. Radical feminists believe that women are subjugated to the state and to men all of the time and are therefore, disempowered. Radical feminist legalists subscribe to the ideas of Catherine MacKinnon, Sylvia jurisprudence and Nan Hunter MacKinnon regarded womens sexual submission to men as false consciousness of individuals who are inherently oppressed, and Law

Male Bird Song Evolves in order to Attract a Female for Mating Research Paper

Male Bird Song Evolves in order to Attract a Female for Mating - Research Paper ExampleFurther these qualities be likewise indicators of the physiological characteristics and genotype of the male partner and thus have high likelihood of influencing womanish choice. However the study of birdsong and its evolutionary significance in influencing womanly choice is yet at its infancy. Many new aspects are beginning to emerge. Deriving conclusions and making generalization at this stage would be inappropriate and inaccurate. MALE BIRD SONG EVOLVES IN ORDER TO ATTRACT A FEMALE FOR conjoin INTRODUCTION Birdsong can be defined as long complex vocalizations produced mainly in breeding season (Catchpole & Slater, 1995). The best known birds in terms of their singing abilities are oscine birds, also referred to as passerines or perching birds. They belong to the order Passeri inducees and are classified on the basis of their eccentric musculature of the syrinx or the vocal organ (Warner, 1 972). In most of the temperate species of passerines, the males are all the singers. The male bird sings either as a means of expression during male-male aggression or for attracting the female (Catchpole & Slater, 1995). ... BACKGROUND Communication is a primary requisite for functional ability. Humans must put across to form relationships, fulfil their call for, organize and function. Animals communication is essential for food gathering, reproduction and survival the three basic needs of all animals. However, unlike humans animals do not speak. In fact all animals possess their unique(p) methods of communication (Hauser, 2000). Flowers send maneuvers in form of fragrances and colour at the time of bloom to insects for pollination meerkats communicate through scent, sounds and body language lions communicate through body contact and sound, while birds communicate verbally through songs and coos (Rowe & Skelhorn, 2004). Communication systems, irrespective of nature and origin, comprise of two essential components signal and tactical design. The signal is an key carrier of information from the sender to the receiver. In interrogationes involving communication, study of nature of signal as an important determinant of its goal is pursued (Rowe & Skelhorn, 2004). The signal evolution is in accordance with the function it is expected to perform. This is termed as strategic component of the signal (Guilford & Dawkins, 1991). Tactical design encompasses the properties of the communication determined by the transmission characteristics of the environment and the sensory and perceptual abilities of the receiver. To define the latter the term receiver Psychology was introduced by Guilford and Dawkins (1991) and was considered a epoch-making determinant of the evolution of signals. Studies on bio-acoustics or animal sounds can be traced back to a research paper published by

Role of Promotion in Retailing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Role of forwarding in Retailing - Essay ExampleThe objective of the cover is to show the promotional materialal strategies of Adidas that have been apply by the company as a part of its initiatives within 2012 London Olympics as their promotion campaign. The paper also shows the role of promotion in retailing as tumesce as the advantages of promotion and the eminence marketing of Adidas. Promotional Strategies Adidas for London Olympics 2012 Promotion is one of the most essential tools in marketing of a product. The elements of promotion are advertising, personal selling, publicity, sales promotion and direct marketing. A company makes a promotional mix to identify the budget to conduct the promotion and to recognise the importance that is to be provided to the various elements of promotional mix. The objectives of the promotional plan include augmentation of sales, recognition of the new product, pock equity creation and corporate number creation among others (McGoldrick, 20 02). ... t with a outlook to meet up the necessities of the promotion Promotion helps in amend the morale as well as the satisfaction of the job of the employee By improving the morale of the employees, promotion ultimately helps in improving the organizational health It creates alertness of the survival of the product as well as the service provided Promotion helps a company to enlarge its market share Promotion provides info regarding the products as well as the services to the consumers that produces an incentive for the consumers to procure the products as well as role the services (McGoldrick, 2002) Adidas is known as one of the prominent athletic wear manufacturers of the world. The Adidas Group was established by Adolf Dassler on 1949 with its headquarters in Germany. The first as well as the foremost global achievement of the brand was celebrated in 1954 when Germany won the championship of soccer. In middle of the 1980s, the group had certain commercial sectionalisatio n but in 1995 the Adidas Group regained its momentum and to stay in a competitive market with Nike, in 2006 Adidas had taken over Reebok. The company sponsors many games with their own capital and its sportswear such as soccer and Olympics among others (Adidas Group, 2012). To grow to be the top retailer and provide with quality products are the main visions of Adidas. Retailing is authorised to show the breath of the product, to build division in markets where traditional structure of wholesaling does not exist and to bend the knowledge from own retail for the whole organization (Adidas Group, 2012). Adidas is going to be the official partner regarding sportswear for the London Olympics for the year 2012 (Guardian News and Media Limited, 2012). Adidas will act as the official partner for the team

Real Estate Market Crisis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Real Estate Market Crisis - Essay ExampleIt is because of this causation that various banks and financial institutions have developed their internal rating methodologies which they assign to various consumers asking for realisation. Banks than through with(predicate) their internal as well external credit scores or ratings decide to whom they should provide the credit. These criteria of credit rating often are designed to be tough since Banks in order to avoid defaults, come down their criteria to extend the credit to these customers. However, due to increasing needs of those customers, whose credit history or their credit ratings do not fall under the criteria laid down by the banks, banks try to accommodate them also. Sub-prime lending is the discover of that phenomenon.A subprime lender provides loans at higher interest with inappropriate incentives to high risk borrower. Ideally a subprime lender is one who lends to the borrowers who do not qualify for the loans from mainstr eam lenders. This is because of the fact that those borrowers who have a bad credit history. A subprime lender is mainly an independent entity or the sub-entity of the main players in the markets. However the only direction to identify the lenders who lend to the subprime borrowers is to judge from their prices as they are naturally higher than the prices charged by the normal lenders with standardized terms and conditions in the market. A subprime lender generally lend following types of loansi) Interest only(prenominal) Loans are the loans which give borrower an option to pay interest on their loans only thereby Principal await unchanged and at the end of loan term payments increase substantially. Traditionally these loans are cheaper in genius as the normal mortgage loans require some portion of principal and mark-up to be paid in the monthly installment of the mortgage. These loans became popular mainly due to the fact that they required lower loan payments accordingly buy ers can afford the larger homes as

Steel Work Questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

brand Work Questions - Essay mannikinSome of the least expensive products Steel Works has to offer are the products the customers choose not to have. This suggests Steel Works go away need to discontinue the use of some of the products. If Steel Works is going to dumbfound showing profits again the guild will need to move some of the current armory, and restrain the manufacturing of future inventory. Before, Steel Works can sell some of the products they are overstocked on the company will need to reduce the cost to the customer. By reducing the cost to the customer, the company is making the product come along more appealing to the customer. Everyone likes to save money, even companies. 2.) The coefficient of the inventory tells one the company has too much inventory of the two products. The company should definitely decrease the inventory, as soon as possible. When the company figured the coefficient for the inventory, the amount were astronomical. The coefficient will tell the company what products should be sold first, and what variations of the two products need to be sold at a discount. When the company figured the coefficient, the company was surprised at the astronomical amount of inventory the company continues to have at present. 3.) The company has been holding a large amount of inventory.

Personal Statement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 27

personal Statement - Essay ExampleMy interest in law stems from the fact the law seems to be a living, breathing, and ever evolving part of human heart and our ever changing society. Laws of the past often get amend and rewritten in order to fit better into the needs of the new generation. Such examples can be seen in the way that our laws have changed pertaining to immigration, capital punishment, and even medical law related concerns. I saw these examples move up to life as I participated in the Global Youth Leader Conference in the US. Cases such(prenominal) as the hugely controversial MegaUpload shutdown have gotten me to thinking about how our international laws become at sea by the advent of the internet and country laws are no longer limited to simply their kinsperson country for enforcement. This is a judicial controversy that I have frowned upon for some time now as I believe it shows the lack of respect on the part of international law enforcement for the individuals wh o are citizens of self-reliant countries.Aside from an interest in technology related judicial questions, I am also instead interested in fighting for the human arights of those who cannot speak for themselves. People such as Terri Schiavo have served as an inspiration to me in terms of the efficacious question of the right to die. She had lived a long, but suffering life filled with artificial methods of prolonging life while our judicial system played God and decided who had the right to order her death or if that was the proper action to take. The legal questions within the 11 court cases pertaining to the aforementioned(prenominal) case has always fascinated me and I have always wanted to have an opportunity to cultivation the case on a more scrutinized basis and hopefully, help to repeal Terris Law as it allows the governing body too much power to decide in what should always remain a personal, family matter.Throughout my life, my legal mind has been influenced by the wo rk

3 QUESTIONS IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE and deviance Coursework - 2

3 QUESTIONS IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE and deviance - Coursework ExampleIn the United States, which supposedly has a better set of laws than states such as Colombia or Iran, there compose are reprehensible violations and deviant behaviour. For example, Abu Ghraib, a former Iraqi prison, became a stellar example of the US militarys capacity for elite deviance. . There had been blatant violations of the rights of the prisoners as the photographs that leaked out of Abu Ghraib confirm. The report filed by Major General Taguba on his inspection of the institution was a graphic representation of how the prison was pelt along (Hersh, 2004). The pictures which started the whole controversy were proof enough of the culpability of the participants. A justification given is that it has become progressively difficult to distinguish insurgents from citizens wi handsome the population (Lane 2009, 3), however it still cannot justify the level of atrocities.To the extent that US support for such regimes is based on arms rather than development, U.S. policy becomes a factor in exacerbating these wretched conditions. By 1993, yearly U.S. weapons sales to foreign nations had reached $33billion. In 1983, the United States was the primary supplier to at least twenty of the worlds nations engaged in war at that time.Also, it would get on that elite deviance in the United States is motivated by money, whilst elite deviance elsewhere, or world-wide elite deviance can be motivated by other(a) things, such as righteousness or nationalism.There are impacts on the well-being of a person who have unjustified branding and these impacts are deep and profound. For example, the stigma against obese women. According to Thio, et. al., the obese typically accept the denigration thin society dishes out to them because they feel for the most part that they deserve it. And they do not defend other fat people who are being criticized because they are a mirror of themselves they mirror

Wal-Mart Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Wal-Mart - Essay ExampleHowever, this paper testament pick up to evaluate the success of Wal-Mart which is indeed the market leader in the retail industry, and it will prove the conquest of the organization with personal experiences and supportive facts. Personal viewpoints and some observations about Wal-Mart The base of this argument can be put as the undisputed crowd pulling ability and growing footfalls in Wal-Mart. on that point argon many other retails stores atomic number 18 there and they also pull the crowd very efficiently solely do they pull crowd standardized Wal-Mart? Well, from many personal experiences it can be stated that the ground number single retailer indeed pull the crowd efficiently than any other stores. If a person goes to any Wal-Mart store in USA in any time, he or she will see a gathering of huge crowd looking to buy something or the other. The cash counters be always busy with long queues and happy customers are always coming out with their purc hases. However, the question is how they are so successful and how they overcome the tough competition in the market. From the personal experiences and viewpoints it can stated that Wal-Mart keep up the strict rule of POCKETS (price, operations, culture, key item promotion, expenses, talent and services). They fol low unique penetration pricing policy, they neer tend to compete, break through operations management can handle the customers and the employees wisely within the store, neat culture, they promote the key products very tactically and the inner talent of the management is distributed befittingly within the pull down level of the organizations. There are some points are also there to support the positive aspects of the Wal-Mart and they are mentioned bellow. Remarkable business strategy of the Wal-Mart to support the argument Wal-Mart has changed the sellers market to the buyers market with their great(p) business strategy. In the United States the master(prenominal) strategy of the Wal-Mart is to open stores in both five kilometers. And the main concept is selling practically everything under one roof with large discounts. The main strategy is to compel the people to buy more and more. Evolution of the supply chain management outline Supply chain is a very important factor for a global giant like Wal-Mart. And in this case they are very strict to choose their thousand of suppliers globally. Mattel, the toy maker is one of the biggest suppliers of toys to Wal-Mart and they admit that it is a great business channel but a tough client as they want great quality parameters. Wal-Mart looks for close and strong relation with their suppliers. Wal-Mart is always hungry for customer happiness and that is the reason they also look for great suppliers who can provide good quality products in proper time with competitive pricing. Evaluation of the brand image Wal-Mart has always been in the way to strengthen its existence. rough 2000 they opened the wa lmart.com which is the online portal for online shopping. And they have all the facilities like on-time delivery, great products and easy to use. In 2008 they have changes their sum brand image, from the Wal-Mart store Inc they changed their brand name to Walmart. Criticism about Wal-Mart It is a true fact that great brands have great criticisms. The Wal-Mart has been criticized in many ways many times but somehow I had overcome the criticism and embarked towards the success. In many times it has been criticized as the slaughter of the small grocery businesses. There are many times when small grocery stores owners have opposed the erection of the Wal-Mart store in their vicinity. But, the success relies on the verdicts of the customers. Mr. Sam Walton understood the importance of the demanded products to be sold in a low price in a price sensitive market. The Wal-Mart is

Major Theological Divisions in the Islamic World Research Paper

Major Theological Divisions in the Islamic World - Research Paper ExampleThe part of this paper is to establish the origins and evolution of the major divisions in Islam, and identify their ideologies and historical significance until the period of the Mongol Conquests. The paper argues that the major divisions of Islam were caused by struggles for power and authority, and evolved over a long period of time starting time in the eighth century after the death of Prophet Muhammad. The major Islamic divisions include Sunni, Shiite, Wahhabis, and Suffis.As the discussion stresses Prophet Muhammad had predicted in his ruling time that the Islamic religion would divide into seventy-three sects, which would altogether go to hell except himself and his true followers. The Islam divisions are now up to 150. The first Islamic grouping which was a successor of Prophet Muhammad was formed immediately after the death of the prophet in the seventh century. This division is known as the Sunni Muslims. Sunni Muslims are the majority of Muslims in the world, and they follow the four Khalifs who succeeded Prophet Muhammad Hanifa, Hannibal, Malik and Shafi. This group has evolved to pursue their religion alongside secular societies. Ansary suggests that they have followed the three Islamic sources of law namely, Hadith, Quran and Muslim consensus. They consider themselves as those who have been saved by Allah hence deriving the title of Najiyah.

ECON Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

ECON - try on ExampleThe prices ar ordinarily categorized according to age where senior members pay more than the juvenility generation while VIP tickets sells more than terraces. The categories have created price discrimination in the marketplace level though the service offered is the same.The industry can be described as a competitive market where entry and exit are openhanded. As more industries make more money, many firms are expect to join the market. But there is less government support as they see no shelter in the service provision and assumes population growth rate is on the decline. However, it seems all this are base on baseless facts and the reality is that, demand is increasing and so should the supply. Price is majorly determined by the owners and is usually distributed among the population so that they can attract more sales. The market though does experience a trade of competition from other quotas2. This major competitor has been the National Television li ve streaming that is almost free to the consumers at their door steps. Hence, the less privileged in the society resorts to in house entertainment kind of than spend exorbitantly on the grand cinemas. The market is hence denied a lot of revenue trim their profitability in the industry.Demand and supply are two economic policies that majorly dictate the consumption patterns by the consumers. Data from the governmental surveys shows an increase in population in the near future. The demand would increase as the grand cinemas becomes most satisfactorily. Population census also suggests that the young generations are the majority groups attracted to grand cinemas. The fluctuations are expected to increase the demand adding to the fact that leisure has become a priority to other populace3. delinquent to the rise in demand and for the market to clear out, supply is expected to increase that will lessen the market equilibrium prices so that the general consumer can gain from the venture . Below is a

ACCRUAL ACCOUNTING CONCEPTS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

ACCRUAL account statement CONCEPTS - Essay ExampleMoreover, the tax expense figure provided in the consolidated income statement was $10.704mn.(a) The author of the daybook article performed a statistical method which involved recalculation of lettuce per sh ar after reviewing 489,000 quarterly reports of 22,000 companies. They recalculated EPS to 1/10 of a cent instead of keeping it in centime. By doing so they found step to the fore that the occurrence of the three digits including 2, 3, or 4 in this format was significantly low as compared to different digits which raised doubts as each of these digits should have appeared 10% of the time (Thurm, 2010).(c) It has been indicated that adjustments are made to valuation of memorandum or they are done in the form of assessment by the companies regarding the proportion of accounts receivables which they expect non to collect and therefore is recorded as bad debts. These are examples of ways in which companies can report higher earnings. It could therefore be stated that these adjustments are subjective to the assessment and consideration of factors by companies and those who are analyzing the accounts. However, if reasonable basis for justifying these estimates are made by companies then such steps are not considered illegal.(d) When companies are required to prepare earnings restatement reports when their previous published financial statements are found to brook errors, omissions, or misstatements. From the article it could be indicated that the authors of the article through their methods found that those companies were informed to restate their earnings or were alleged for accounting violations which had low number of occurrence of digit 4 in the 1/tenth place. Such companies could therefore be considered as the ones which are involved in rounding off their earnings figure.(e) From the article it can be understood that the authors are of the view that even a single penny difference in the reported EP S can have impact on the

Luma pros and cons Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Luma pros and cons - Essay ExampleShe does both soccer coaching and single counseling for diverse emotional issues they faced. That Luma is a Clarkston outsider may be true from the geographical or political considerations. But she succeeds in transcending the barrier of nationality, the stamp of immigrant on her personality, through the processes in which she moulds the personality of her players. The outsider factor had no impact between her status as coach and her team.Addressing to the boys whose attention on the feisty of soccer is diverted on account an air-plane show Warren St. John writes about her utterances, YOU GUYS NEED to combust up a voice interrupted as the jets streaked in to distance. Concentrate The voice starts to Luma Mufleh, the thirty-one-year-old fall apart and volunteer coach of the Fugees.(2) This indicates her amazing work ethic and vision. Outsider question may be fire topic for political discussions, but Luma has shown through the building process o f her soccer team, how to strike the balance in the diverse perspectives related to immigration, local and global politics, identity and intergenerational issues, creativity, biculturalism and community building. Luma has demonstrated that the complex story of Clarkston and the contest of Fugees soccer team is the story of America in the broader sense. She is a native of Jordan and her soccer team boys belong to families that flee to the United States from many war-torn areas across the globe and her soccer saga serves as the catalyst for their coming together and is the living example of concept of the world is one family. She hails from an aristocratic family from Jordan. She comes to America for studies. Giving her backgrounder discipline the author writes, Luma, I would learn, had no particular background in social or human-rights work. She was just a normal woman who wanted, her own way, to make the world a better

Clyfford still Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Clyfford still - Essay ExampleThe artists spiritings atomic number 18 also on the cake as it is clear that Still sympathized with those plenty and he is also very sad that some people had to live in such conditions. It is also possible to assume that the artist feels that the Ameri bum society cannot be called a just one, as there are so many scant(p) people who do not enjoy equal rights and do not have equal opportunities with the rest of Americans.As utmost as I am concerned, the painting made quite a strong impression on me. The first thing that caught my eye was the hands (as well as feet) of the man and the cleaning woman. It is clear that very poor people are depicted. The hands can be regarded as a symbol of hard plow and large feet can symbolize distances that these people have to cover. I felt sorrow for the couple who had to score very hard day after day.My sad feelings were enhanced by the posture of the couple. The man and the woman are absolutely devastated. I a lmost felt their weariness. I assume that these two people are not only tired of the work, they are also tired of their lives. The man and the woman are envisage and I feel they do not have any dreams as they have no luxuriant powers to create any images in their heads, since they are too tired.Finally, one element attracted my special attention. The horseshoe, which is the symbol of dear luck, can be regarded as a symbol of hope in the painting. The couple could hope that they office someday overcome their difficulties and live a happy and prosperous life.However, I do not feel that there is any hope for the two people. Unfortunately, when I am looking at the painting, I can only see despair and endless suffering of the couple as well as millions of former(a) people all over the

Management and Globalization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Management and globalisation - Essay ExampleCoordinating It is the function of any heed to coordinate the organizational goals and objectives to every case-by-case member of the organization with a pile to ensure that every member collaborates towards the achievement of the targets set by the management.Controlling The management controls the flow of organizational activities and evaluates the direction towards which the organization is leading or being direct by the management in order to avoid any missteps taken in the course of contrast operations.The theorists of scientific management have been engaged constantly to put aside theories of management that could be move into practice. Management is a process carried away in an organization in order to achieve the sought after results. The theories of management as brought preliminary by renowned theorists also attempt to put the view of management theory into practice with respect to organizations. The important theories of management are discussed belowThese two theorists are cognise to be the pioneers of the scientific management. Frederick W. Taylor is known as the Father of scientific Management. He came up with the view that the productivity level of thespians depends upon their frequency and propensity to rest during working hours. He was of the paper that a worker can only continue to work efficiently and productively if he takes rest during the work. A pall situation can affect the working capacity of the workers and therefore, can hinder the way of achieving organizational goals (Taylor, 1911)Gilbreth introduced the idea that the working capacity and productivity of a worker can be enhanced by simplification the unnecessary tasks and exertions on the part of a worker during the course of his work. It would enable the worker to retain his energy throughout the work process. (Gilbreth, 1911)Therefore, both the theories given by these two theorists encompass the enhancement of workmens wo rking electrical capacity and efficiency and assessment of possible reasons that might be affecting the workers productivity.Hawthorne TheoryThe theory put forth by the management scientists belonging to this school of thought mainly focused on the Taylors theory of Scientific Management. They experimented on the theory and came up with interesting facts about the theory. They discovered that with the passage of time, one of the principles put forward by Taylor that enhanced lighting in the working environment could result into betterd efficiency of the workers, helped to improve the workmens working capacity even to a greater extent than anticipated. However, after further research, they figured out that the enhancement in workers productivity was mainly due to the relationships between the managers and the workers, rather than due to lighting in the w

The Watergate Affair Essay Example for Free

The Watergate Affair EssayThe Watergate Affair was perhaps one of the great political scandals to have affected the Ameican govern custodyt. Its significance was this scandal involved officials leading up to the highest levels of the government which last led to the White House which was during the incumbency of President Richard Nixon. The immediate cause of this scandal began when several men were arrested for burglarizing the headquarters of the Democratic Party at the Watergate Hotel in Washington, DC hence the name of the scandal. These men were caught rummaging file cabinets for vital documents and electronic wiretapping devices were also found in their persons apparently, they were planinng to bug the office and electronically eavesdrop on any conversation taking place there. The underlying cause behind this operations was the Nixon Administration was implicated on how confidential government reports were world obtained by the Democrats which served as political ammun ition against Nixons reelection bid.It was later revealed that the men involved were aides of the Presidents re-election team though signly, President Nixon denied any involvement and subsequent news reports revealed that a massive cover-up was being conducted as an attempt to cover up any involvement by the President. Subsequent investigations by the media revealed that the White House has melodic phraseed a secret unit called Plumbers for the purpose of contracting reporters and government officials who may have been leaking information to the former (Szulc, 1972, p. E2 Rugaber, 1972, p. 220).The media had been faithfully following the events related to what became known as the Watergate Scandal which had by far, overshadowed the achievements of Nixon during his presidency and hounded him all throughout. These revelations of covert government operations within the United States prompted the Senate to form a committee on the campaign activities of the President on February of 19 73. Throughout the year, more revelations came out as the pressure on those responsible was intensifying ranging from being sworn to silence and destroying evidence of involvement by the White House.This then prompted the Senate to subpoena Nixon who had repeatedly refused to appear and even release the tapes when demanded, further heightening the distrustfulness of a cover-up as it was revealed when these tapes had been edited by the time it was released to them (Apple, 1974, pp. 57-58). The constant reporting of the media of what the Senate committee revealed had positive(p) the American public that Nixon should be impeached and (possibly) made to resign if found guilty (Kovach, 1974, p. 1).Based on the initial investigations by the Senate and its appointed prosecutors, Nixon was charged by the Senate for obstruction of justice, abusing his power and showing contempt of Congress by refusing to appear in the hearings and these became grounds on serving an impeachment against him. Seeing that he had proverbially painted himself in a corner and by the 9th of August, 1974, Nixon went on national television to announce his resignation to spare himself the indignity of being served the impeachment following the availability of more evidence that would furher incriminate him.The Watergate Affair revealed how the government could abuse its power in conducting spying and even conduct political sabotage and it was unfortunate that in its desire to keep legitimate matters of the state a secret, its agents were caught and led to severe repercussions.ReferencesApple, R. W. (1974, January 5). Nixon Rejects Subpoenas from Senate Committee for 500 Tapes and Papers. smart York Times. pp. 57-58. Rugaber, W. (1973, January 14). Mystery, Comedy, Etc. Dirty Tricks. New York Times. p. 220. Szulc, T. (1972, June 25). From the Folks Who Brought You the Bay of Pigs. New York Times.

Legal Drinking Age Essay Example for Free

Legal Drinking Age EssayPeople down always wanted what they can non film. get-go in 1984, this is the attitude most righteousness of naturemakers in America control getting evenn with respect to chthonian get on with imbibing, since it was the metre when many states changed their drunkenness age from railway cardinal to cardinal- iodin. Lawmakers thought that if you raised the drink age, great deal could drink much than responsibly, beca occasion as you grow older, your hit matures and with maturity comes responsibility. Although this law, passed non even twenty grades ago, was made for the sentry go of unexampled adults, flock now be arguing to fork over the law returned to the age of eighteen. Many college students, professors and memorizeers wee a lot to say some this topic. From John McCardell, former head of Middlebury College, to the M separates Against sot Driving Association, populate have different sensible horizons on the responsibility th at young adults take when it comes to intoxicant. Some people, who view that you should be competent to drink when you argon a legal adult, collect statistics rough motorcar accidents, deaths colligate to alcoholic beverage consumption, and binge drinking. Others who oppose this change in age collect similar information exactly there is a twist on the information that they receive.When qualification decisions about laws, people have to hire all(a) possible situations. Since not only lawmakers have involvement in this issue, they have to think about both wiz who will be affected, whether it is people from the age of twenty-one or older or eighteen or older. In changing the minimum legal drinking age to eighteen, the lawmakers would be granting adults with the ideal of justice. Since they are adults, they would be given equal consideration and be treated purely as adults. Also, having faith in these young adults grants them with responsibility, forcing them to grow up more quickly plot still in their late teenage years. By giving them responsibility, you have to consider the obligation of non-malficience, which is avoiding doing injury to others. If a young adult got into a car accident while under the influence of alcohol, it would be that souls fault along with all of the alcohol they legally guttled.While deciding whether to lower the minimum legal drinking age, you have to take into account that you do not have control over people. Instilling faith in our youth, we have to trust that they will make smart decisions. John McCardell, former president of Middlebury College, argues that if the MLDA was lowered to eighteen, that eighteen to twenty years olds could only drink if they completed forty-two hours of instruction of the history, chemistry, psychology and sociology of alcohol. This row would also teach the dangers of alcohol and what risks there are if someone drank an exceedingly high amount of alcohol. If a person eighteen or older witha lk this class, they would earn a special license that would allow them to barter for and consume alcohol. conflict against McCardell, the Mothers Against Drunk Driving Association says that the sooner youth drink, the more likely they are to become alcohol dependent and to drive drunk One way to control this would be to have this program also include sitting in on multiple alcoholic Anonymous meetings. When deciding, lawmakers have to think about the ideals of maturity, potential, responsibility, fairness and prudence. Abigail Baird, Assistant Professor of Physiological and Brain Sciences at Dartmouth College, studied cardinal forelands of eighteen-year-old college students. These students moved 100 miles to go to college and lived without their families.The control to this study was a group of seventeen twenty-five year olds. Professor Baird came to the conclusion that the twenty-five year old brain was more mature, especially in the regions of the brain known to integrate emot ion and cognition, the areas that take information from our current body state and apply it for go for in navigating the world. Maturity can range though. It is proven that brains mature at different times. Although there is not a test we can give to determine the maturity of someone, lawmakers have to instill trust and intrust in young adults. The ideal of potential and prudence fit in with the fact that lawmakers can not single-handedly pick out who is mature enough to legally consume alcohol at the age of eighteen.With more developed brains at twenty-one, the risk for drunk driving and making poor decisions while under the influence are lower. According to the Mothers Against Drunk Driving Association, the MADD, an estimated twenty-three thousand lives have been saved from the elevated age of drinking since it the law was passed in 1984. Although it has saved lives, McCardell says that (raising the drinking age to twenty-one) constrained alcohol consumption behind the closed do ors of dorms and fraternity basements. Always unsupervised, done in secret and too often excessive, this style of drinking has no doubt been responsibility for the alarming rise in place of so called binge drinking seen at collegesLooking further into McCardells statement, TIME magazine says that data does not show that binge drinking has gotten worse since states raised their drinking age. John Schulenberg of the University of Michigan and Jennifer Maggs of Penn distinguish say, During the past two decades, despite many social, demographic, political and economic changesrates of frequent heavy drinking among those ages nineteen to twenty-two have shifted little. Having the ideal of prudence, lawmakers have to take statistics under consideration. They have to choose the excerpt of letting under-developed, eighteen year old minds be allowed to consume and purchase alcohol, or to keep the law at twenty-one and distinguish the ideals of justice and fairness.Having the legal drinkin g age of twenty-one breeds disrespect for law by having so many people break it, marginalizes the role of teaching about alcohol use and condescends the age of majority. When you turn eighteen in the United States, you can vote, enlist and fight in wars, home contracts, marry, own businesses, serve in a jury and many other things. In most other cultures, alcohol consumption legally begins when you become a legal adult. According to the Institute of Medicine, ninety pct of alcohol consumed by eighteen to twenty years-olds is consumed when the person is involved in heavy drinking.Having the legal drinking age of twenty-one postures young adult and teenage drinking behind closed doors without any supervision. This force comes from peer pressure, media and watching what people older than them do. Teenagers are attracted to the thrill, making them drink more and more. The consequences of binge drinking are scary and sometimes fatal. The consumption of alcohol by underage Americans is c ommon. When young people consume alcohol, the fact that they are doing something illegal does not cross their mind. Since the law prohibits young adults from partaking in an activity that ordinarily mark adulthood, it encourages violation and disrespect of the law.According to Public Health Reports, two in every one thousand instances of underage drinking results in arrests. According to the Journal of American College Health, young adults who choose to illegitimately drink are drinking reck slightly. This excessive consumption has resulted in binge drinking, putting young people at greater risk of alcohol poisoning, assault, sexual laugh at, vandalism and alcohol related fatalities. During the Prohibition in 1920, the culture was bathtub gin, speakeasies and rumrunners. In the last ten years, these acts have been mirrored but with keg parties, beer pong and flip cup.Having the legal drinking age remain at the age of twenty-one prevents adolescents from gaining access to alcohol , saves lives by preventing alcohol-related traffic fatalities from ages eighteen to twenty and protects adolescent and young adult brains from the negative consequences of alcohol. The results from the National Longitudinal Alcohol Epidemiologic Survey say that early initiation to alcohol leads to long-term alcohol problems. With the law lap at twenty-one, it prevents alcohol from getting into the hands of the younger population by making it illegal to consume, purchase and possess alcohol. Many high school students are defend from this possible damage because their eighteen-year-old friends cannot buy alcohol for them. According to the Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, people that drink in their adolescent years are more likely to have alcohol abuse issues later in their life.The National Highway Traffic natural rubber Administration says that that the number of drunk driving fatalities amongst eighteen to twenty one year olds has decreased by thirteen percent ever since the law has been raised to twenty-one. That decline over the past two and a half decades is from quite a few factors, including safer vehicles, extendd public awareness of the danger of drunk driving, needful seat belt laws, lower BAC limits and the use of designated drivers, which is a term that did not exist before the drinking age was raised in 1984. Also, the adolescent brain is affected differently by alcohol than the brain of a twenty-one year old.Having the drinking age of twenty-one will lead to a healthier population by not allowing adolescents to obtain it. The American Journal of Psychiatry scanned brains of young adolescents with alcohol abuse disorders and the brains of non-drinking peers. The study showed that the brains of young adolescents with alcohol abuse disorders show lower rates of activity during memory tasks and less developed brain structures than in their non-drinking peers. If the legal drinking age remains as it is now, Americas youth will be mo re protected.An alternate solution to lowering the age to eighteen and memory the age at twenty-one is to only allow eighteen-year-olds, who have completed an intensive class about alcohol, to purchase and consume alcohol. John McCardell, former president of Middlebury College, is a proponent of this idea. His thought was to have a test similar to a driving test. You would have to take a class and pass a test in order to have a specific license for purchasing and consuming alcohol.The class would go over the history, chemistry, psychology and sociology of alcohol. It is also important that the young adults view people whose lives have been ruin because of alcohol. They could do this by attending Alcohol Anonymous meetings or going to visit rehabilitation centers and bawl out to people whose lives have been affected by alcohol. If eighteen-year-olds have this knowledge, then I think that they should be able to consume and purchase alcohol.Another alternate solution is to lower the age of purchasing and consuming alcohol to twenty. Not as young as eighteen, and not as old as twenty-one, the brain is significantly more developed at the age of twenty than it is at the age of eighteen. The consequences of lowering it by one year are not as risky as lowering the age to eighteen. Although some people will still fight against it, I feel as though it is a good midsection ground between the ages of eighteen and twenty-one.A very high tech alternate solution is making all cars have an Ignition Interlock System. This trick, installed in a cars dashboard, mandates that you breathe into a little schedule before the car will turn on. Although the system is quite expensive, it is fool proof. After the engine starts, the device will require you to breathe in it again, just to make sure that a sober person did not breathe into the device for you. Currently used for people that have broken DUI laws, if these devices were put in all cars, it would be almost impossible for people to drive drunk. The only problem with the mechanism is that it would increase the value of cars by a great deal. Although it is expensive, installing an Ignition Interlock System in every car would prevent drunk driving.When considering both sides of the argument, we have to look at the total picture. Voting on whether to make the MLDA eighteen or twenty-one shows a full view of what people want since everyone eighteen and older can vote. The vote would directly target people that would be affected no involvement what the outcome was. The lawmakers have to consider their obligations to the nation, since all lawmakers were elected into their position. They also have to consider the consequences of the option that they are giving people. Putting young people in situations where it is legal to drink and maybe would not be able to control their actions and drive drunk, endangering people around them. This would endanger others, so when making a vote, people would not only have t o consider an individual but everyone around themAfter considering all of the information, the smartest natural selection for lawmakers is to keep the minimum legal drinking age at twenty-one. Although teenagers may still continue to break the law while purchasing and consuming alcohol, many high school students will be protected from legally purchasing and consuming because eighteen-year-old seniors will not be able to obtain alcohol. Also, the brain at the age of twenty-one is extremely more developed than the brain at eighteen.If an eighteen-year-old legally drank and got in his/her car to drive home, that inexperienced driver would be putting everyone on the road into danger. Since an eighteen year old, who in all probability started driving at the age of sixteen, would get on the road without any supervision and also while under the influence of alcohol, the risk of endangering him/herself is extremely high. By keeping the motto for the common good in mind the best decision f or lawmakers is to keep the minimum legal drinking age at twenty-one.BIBLIOGRAPHY first rudiment News. Alcohol Laws Should the Drinking Age be Lowered?. Onlinehttp//abcnews.go.com/TheLaw.story?id=3529878page=2The Harvard Crimson. Please Think Responsibly. Online Tuesday, September 16, 2008. http//thecrimson.com/ member/2008/9/16/please-think-responsibly-it-certaintly-hasnt/TIME. Should the Drinking Age Be Lowered? Online Friday, June 06, 2008.www.time.com/time/nation/clause/0,8599,1812397,00.htmlWSJ. College Presidents Stand Up for Common Sense? Ill Drink to That. Online Friday, August 28, 2008. http//onlline.wsj.com/article/SB121996586419781419.html?mod=taste_primary_hsAmerican Medical Association. Facts About Youth and Alcohol. Online http//www.ama-asn.org/ama/pub/physician-resources/public-health/pug-abuse/facts-about-youth-alcohol/minimum-legal-drinking-age.shtmlChoose Responsibly. Legal Age 21. Online www.chooseresponsibly.org/Dartmouth News. Brain Changes significantly After Age 18, says Dartmouth Research. Online February 6, 2006. http//www.dartmouth.edu/news/releases/2006/02/06.htmlWikipedia. Ignition Interlock Device. Online January 19, 2011. http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ignition_interlock_device

Electronic Contracts Essay Example for Free

Electronic Contracts EssayThere ar some(prenominal) long-term impact of electronic contracting on the areas business and some of these are the following First of all, since the E- bespeak Federal Law legitimizes business conducted by electronic subject matter, this means that the nation ordain produce to a greater extent businesses than usual (Zanger, 2000, n. p. ). This is because an electronic contract saves a considerable amount of time, as well as, effort (Zanger, 2000, n. p. ).Unlike in the traditional way, wherein individuals entering into a contract are get to meet with each early(a), negotiate with each other, agree with each other, etc before finally signing a document that legitimizes what they have a bun in the oven discussed about with regards to business (Zanger, 2000, n. p. ). In electronic contract, a document is sent for some other party to read and agree upon, if he or she does then he or she signs it, then the other party, in case he or she agrees wil l also sign it (Zanger, 2000, n. p. ).Electronic contract is exceedingly easy and extremely convenient that is why the number of businesses is increased greatly which leads to a flourishing frugality for the nation as well (Zanger, 2000, n. p. ). Second, the e-Sign Federal Law continues the advancement of e-commerce, which in turn, also plays a too large role in the economy of the whole nation (Zanger, 2000, n. p. ). It motivates individuals to transact their businesses online and make their services far more than efficient by doing so (Zanger, 2000, n. p. ).The fast and efficient service that e-commerce offers contribute largely in excite people to create a business of their own online which will not moreover bring in an additional income for themselves and their families but to the government as well (Zanger, 2000, n. p. ). Finally, it establishes uniformity in intrastate, interstate, foreign commerce which means that the hindrances and vagueness to well-organized/competent interstate online transactions posed by different states laws will be gone evermore (Zanger, 2000, n. p. ).This means that the flow of business transactions will be freely flowing because there will be no more differences in State laws to attend to (Zanger, 2000, n. p. ). In case that other States have other laws with regards to e-commerce and electronic contracts, these will still be covered by this federal law technically referred to as the Federal E-sign Law (Zanger, 2000, n. p. ). Since uniformity is established through the aforementioned law, more individuals are more confident now with online transactions than before (Zanger, 2000, n. . ).What are the potential pitfalls you see with electronic contracting? An electronic contract entails an electronic signature, which is actually an electronic sound, symbol, or process attached to or logically associated with an electronic record and executed or adopted by a person with the intent to sign the electronic record (California Co des accomplished Code Section 1633. 1 1633. 17, n. d. ).The major problem here is that there are no rules or banners for electronic signatures (California Codes well-mannered Code Section 1633. 1633. 17, n. d. ). There should be only one kind of technology utilized for an electronic signature to meet the functional equivalence standard because there are no built-in security of handwritten signatures, in ink, and tangible writing (California Codes Civil Code Section 1633. 1 1633. 17, n. d. ). There should be encryptions, access controls, as well as, date stamps in order for it not to be easily tampered with (California Codes Civil Code Section 1633. 1 1633. 17, n. d. ).If there are no guiding principles on what comprises electronic signatures then fraud is most likely to occur (California Codes Civil Code Section 1633. 1 1633. 17, n. d. ). Anybody can just sign an agreement however she/he wants it to be signed and he or she may just opt to get out of it by adage it not his o r her electronic signature or he or she may just upchuck another electronic signature that is not really associated with him or her for the purpose of being able to pull in away with it in case he or she needs to (California Codes Civil Code Section 1633. 1 1633. 17, n. d. ).

Homelessness of Veterans Essay Example for Free

Homelessness of Veterans EssayThe threat of homelessness amongst veterans has become an increasingly growing issue. Through my extensive research I have found multiple reasons as to why this threat has occurred. Some examples of these be things much(prenominal) as the transition from military machine to civilian life, post-traumatic underscore disorder (PTSD), and poverty. I am going to apply the mouldalist and negate perspectives in explaining the problems of homelessness amongst veterans.The first institution that fails veterans is the military. From the functionalist perspective the manifest function of the military is to train and structure a person into what is necessary to protect and serve their country. The latent functions of the military be to educate and to hold benefits such as health care and housing. Although these latent functions for the most part only apply to those currently enlisted. The dysfunctions of the military include abuse, corruption, lack of social support, and lack of training on how to function and survive when placed abide into civilian life.As a result of these functions conflicts are made such as competition, constraints, and power struggles. The manifest, latent, and dysfunctions colligate to competition in that the military is always trying to excel to superiority at any cost. The helping of its soldiers is not a top priority. The constraints of these functions are ones set by the standards of the military. The good or the bad is not achieved unless the military allows for it. The manifest, latent, and dysfunctions cerebrate to power struggles in that the militaries ultimate goal is to become as powerful as can be. This includes power over its soldiers. This power can limit the benefits that a soldier may receive and also the point to which a soldier is pushed.The second institution that fails the veteran is family. From the functionalist perspective the manifest function of family is to provide a structure i n which means of living are met. The latent function of family is erotic love and a social support. The dysfunction of family is abuse and neglect which can lead to the lack of money by with(predicate) divorce or abandonment.As a result of these functions conflicts are made such as constraints, coercion, and powers struggles. The constraints of the manifest, latent, and dysfunctions are created by the lack of money or the ability to find a job or sluice affordable housing. The coercion of these functions are fighting which can lead to divorce. The power struggles of these functions may be stress and pressure applied to the members of the family from other members.The third institution that fails the veteran is the administration. From the functionalist perspective the manifest function of the organization is to provide stability and safety. The latent function of the government is a source of social support through programs for when there are dysfunctions in other institutions . The dysfunctions of the government are things such as popularity competition when electing government officials and profiting off of the poor.As a result of these functions conflicts are made such as competition, constraints, and power struggles. The manifest, latent, and dysfunctions relate to competition based on that it is a constant competition between programs for which the government will fund. The programs that are unfortunate enough not to receive government funding may fail as a result. The constraints of these functions in government are the limitations that are placed on people due to many things such as social status. The coercion of these functions in government are theft and fighting which in whatsoever cases are done in order to survive.Homelessness amongst veterans results from a complex set of circumstances due to the failure of these institutions which in turn force them to choose between even the basic needs that any compassionate must have in order to surviv e. By using the functionalist and conflict perspectives I have demo in what ways these institutions, military, family, and government, have failed veterans causing them to become homeless.

Van Helsing Dramatic Monologue Essay Example for Free

Van Helsing salient Monologue EssayFrom the very moment I entered into this dreadful business, I have never snarl such a pure rush of despair and anguish as I feel now. not when the poor dear Miss Lucy passed away and became one of his, Draculas, fiends, did I feel that all luck had delinquent us. All that we have done so far in our efforts to protect Madam Mina has been that a useless attempt to save her soul. I shall never forget what has happened. It is as if the very take to of that that vile creature bending over our dearest lady has scorched my eyes and left its hideous mark.I cannot help but think we could have done more. I know the others are flavour to me for an answer, a plan and I feel their hopes resting heavily on my shoulders. I must not part or back mow I am far too deep in this now. When we barged d possess the door together last night I think we all knew, in our heart of hearts, what we were virtually to behold. I fell into the dear Ladys room on my h ands and knees, after bursting through the doorway. My heart failed once more when I saw the man no, the fiend with poor Jonathons wife in his cold handsHow I felt the rage rise up inside of me at the sight of that monster attribute Mrs. Harker, her night dress torn and bloody, her face and mouth dirtied with his unclean blood The vile scar on his forehead sent shivers through all of us, for then we knew it was truly him, the count, and then he turned and gave us such a devilish glare, sharp white teeth stained by our dear Minas own blood I can only thank the Lord that we were armed with our sacred emblems, or the modify done last night could have been far worse.

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fire Will vs. Determinism EssayFree entrust and determinism are two opposing beliefs as far as responsibility for egresscomes or results is concerned. Free depart signifies that as we make choices and decisions by ourselves, we become responsible for the results of our decisions and actions. Determinism, on the other hand, tells that humans oblige no influence on the future and its events and that human beings influence on their future is determined by present and past fleetrences. In this writing, we present an analysis of the realities of these two philosophies. We will go through two stories Daisy milling machine, a novel by British author Henry pack and The Yellow Wallpaper, a short story by American writer Charlotte Gilman. Our goal is to find out the extent of free will and determinism. Is reality a mix of these two principles? DAISY MILLER The main characters in this novel are Daisy Miller, a beautiful American girl, and her suitor Winterbourne, also an American. In their encounters in Switzerland and Italy, they inclination under the scrutiny of people in the society surrounding them. Daisys flirtatious attitude is frowned upon by Mrs. Walker, a fellow American who owns a parlor in Rome.Mrs. Costello, Winterbournes conservative aunt, strongly disapproves of Daisys because she agreed to date with him after only a half hour of being acquainted with separately other. Their Free Will Prevails Over Other Peoples Opinions. Daisy is not dissuaded by the disapproving eye of the other Americans, neither is she affected by the ineffectual attitude of her own mother. Winterbourne, on his part, continues to court Daisy patronage the disapproval of his conservative aunt It is their free will that made them stand against the minds of these other people who could have otherwise, influenced their decisions.Winterbourne could have acceded to his aunts desire if he chose to but he followed his own will and chased courting Daisy. Daisy could have chosen to ch ange her ways to gain the approval of her compatriots considering that they are all in a foreign land but she stuck to her own will to act and behave as she actually is, although they can consider her as some sort of an outcast someone who is not accepted in the society where she moves.Determinism Can Be More Closely Associated with Daisys Death. The novel was set in the nineteenth century during which cadence, the Roman fever (malaria) was endemic to m all Roman neighborhoods. Winterbourne warns Daisy about its dangers upon seeing her in the Colosseum. Daisy rushes post but still, she catches the fever and dies a few days later. She could have been more careful and avoided catching the unhealthiness but this could be considered as something that is more out of her own control.This can be compared with accidents which can occur no matter how much care is taken by a person. There are orthogonal forces that can go beyond ones control. THE YELLOW WALLPAPER This is the story of a wife who falls into complete insanity after being locked up in the upstairs bedroom of a mansion rented by her husband, a physician, so that she can recuperate from a temporary nervous notion during one summer vacation. Determ inism is Observed from the Outset of the Story.The woman, who narrates this story as a series of journal entries, is locked up inside the bedroom against her will. She could not go out nor see the after-school(prenominal) world, nor see her baby. She is completely controlled by actions of her husband. Her Free Will, at the Same Time, Remains Strong Within. Although she has fallen into insanity, her desire for freedom is made attest by the visions that she sees in the wallpaper, especially the figure of a woman who is trying to escape from the bars of the shadows.In her mind, she has to free the woman in the wallpaper, thus she strips the designs off the wall, later on believing that she is the woman who has break loose from inside the wallpaper. In the end of the story, thinking that she is free at last, she steps on the fixed body of her husband, symbolizing that she has triumphed and that her will and desire for freedom has been achieved. SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE TWO WORKS Both Daisy Miller and The Yellow Wallpaper are set in the 19th century.There were existing conditions at that time that interplayed in the plots of the stories the Roman fever endemic that caused the death of Daisy Miller and androcentrism or male domination in human affairs that gave power to the physician to lock up his wife. In spite of these factors, the main female characters both carry in them strong wills. In Daisy Miller, the main characters live their lives in the outside world mingling with various personalities, as contrasted with the main character in The Yellow Wallpaper who is locked up inside a barred room, dealing with herself all along.CONCLUSION From the above works, one may generalise that a person has a strong will and deter mination to do or to have what he wants without having to give to an outside factor neither any credit for a desired result nor any blame for a bad outcome. Factors beyond a persons control, as strongly suggested in determinism, can truly cause the outcome in a situation but the interplay of free will always exists along with it. Works Cited Gilman, Charlotte. The Yellow Wallpaper. United States New England Magazine. 1892. stain James, Henry. Daisy Miller. United Kingdom Cornhill Magazine. 1878. Print

Teenagers sometimes complain Essay Example for Free

Teenagers sometimes complain EssayTeenagers first come into this world as a package of joy, but some object. As children grow and become teenagers, the problems start. Problems such as relationships, school and even pecuniary be rampant. So what do children do when they run into trouble? They go to their parents so do teenagers. Teenagers in Singapore go through lots of education. From young in primary school till university for many. pedagogics canister therefore be said to be very formal and very fast paced and competitive. Teachers and parents already at this stage have their students or childrens lives planned out, but teenagers may think differently. Our elders think that teenagers get help and are always wrong. Certainly there are numerous occasions when we simply cannot do without our parents. But for the many others, we need to take a stand and speak out for whats right. Let me present you this example. There is a boy. He goes to school. then he goes to secondary school. He is now a teenager. The O level examination is approaching, and wholly he does is try to plain.That is good. Then the adult steps in. A trusty one(a) would say this How are you doing? Do you need help? Just ask me. Dont be shy. Then on the other hand an adult with fish mongering experience would say this Aiyah Whole day study study. You know last time My parents worked day and night, and I started working when I was your age Now all you can do is sit here and read your book. So this is the main reason behind teenagers universe treated like children. Sometimes its not the teenagers fault but instead it is the adults fault.You have just seen how family backgrounds propel how people view children. Now I shall let you see what happens when it is the teenagers fault. A good teenager would do what he or she is supposed to do to become a good person. Like so Teacher, can I ask you a question? What topics are coming out for the tests? Then the bad one would say Aiyah Tests are always coming, but they never come, study wastes time, study for what? You see the good teenager has a sort of worry for his future, whereas the bad one does not.It is this mere worry that sets us around our lives. Without it, our lives would be as meaningless as the aimless punks. Adults also think about our future. Because we dont. They care incessantly about the smallest things in life, probably because when they were young, they faced the same demands of society. So it is because of this care and concern for responsibility that motivates us to have a bun in the oven like children, so the adults can guide us toward the right path. Now I know, what you qualify determines whether you are a child or an adult.

Creative Thinking Essay Example for Free

Creative judgment EssayThinking The following transcript is based on material in Skills for Success The Personal Development Handbook, by Stella Cottrell. Creative persuasion can benefit any aspect of life, including academic hear or our functional day. All too ofttimes, we act as if creativity were the preserve of a special breed of spate great artists, musicians, designers and inventors. However, you dont need to be good at drawing or impression or music in order to be original. Because of this misperception, we can tend to underestimate our testify strength for creativity and the wide range of situations to which we could apply fictive thought. In this audio, well talk about practical ways that you can develop and enhance your creative capacity. What do we mean by creative thinking? creativity is about applying the imagination to finding a solution. This could be a solution to an artistic problem, but it could full as easily refer to finding an answer to a routin e make for issue, resolving problems in your life, friendships or relationships, or completing study assignments. The creative aspect is in finding the solution, rather than in simply applying a pre-given formula. If you devise your own solutions, find your answers, you argon thinking creatively.Some cartridge clips, a great predilection can seem to drop from nowhere. When this happens, it is easy to feel that we ar very imaginative and clever, especially if the marvelous idea came to us quickly. More typically, a creative outcome is the result of a series of processes, the covering of strategies, and bringing the right attitude to the task and these may not always feel very creative at the time. Creative thought thrives in certain conditions, so to foster creative thinking, it is worth winning steps to put those conditions into place.Certain types of creative thinking take place when we are very relaxed, with time to spare, when we are only half focused on the issue, perhap s when we are day-dreaming or doodling. We may counterbalance be deep in thought about a different activity altogether. When released from having to find a solution to a particular problem, the brain often feels freed up to look for an answer in its own way. You may have noticed this yourself- that when you stop trying too hard, the answer seems to pop out of nowhere when you are least expecting it. Many great discoveries and ideas have been made in this way, or horizontal in dreams.This kind of creative solution does require certain kinds of conditions. In particular, the apparently magic solution often comes after a period of very ordered thinking, on the job(p) through many possible solutions, followed by change of pace or situation, accompanied by some down-time in which the brain can exit on the solution. Creative thinking tends to be characterised by a drive to find the very surmount solution, continually looking for an even better, or quicker, or more effective, or more elegant solution. If you are happy with the first idea that comes along, then there is no real spur to creative thought.An cistron of moderate dissatisfaction, or an edge of perfectionism, encourages the creative process. You can also help the creative process by putting the right conditions into place and applying some basic strategies. First of all dont be satisfied with one solution. Once you have one good idea, look for anformer(a), and then another. Give yourself the probability to choose the best from several options. Secondly, put yourself under different levels of pressure. Sometimes, we find we respond to pressure other times we dont. Thirdly, feed your brain with different experiences.Go on a journey you wouldnt usually make read an article from a different subject discipline or a magazine you wouldnt usually read undertake an activity that you feel isnt you. When the brain is working hard on a problem, it is can be very good at drawing parallels in an apparently unconne cted experience. Fourthly, be willing to experiment with ideas that seem unlikely to lead straight to the answer, even if this seems like it may be a waste of time. Combine solutions from other problems that you have answered successfully bring in with possible ideas even if these dont seem very sensible.Many a great idea has started out as something, which seemed wild or unrealistic, modified and adapted and developed into something that really worked. Dont eliminate ideas too early- look for a way of making them work. Although a particular idea may lead nowhere, the process of working through solutions can help develop a much deeper dread of the task before you. It is this thorough and complex understanding of the issue, which helps the brain come up with a creative solution. Fifthly, when you have worked in an organised way on developing ideas, give the brain some down-time so it can work on these in an unforced way.This does mean planning your study or work so that there is ti me to move between structured approaches to the issue, followed by more relaxed, unforced, even unconscious, thought. Finally, one time you know the idea you want to work on, be prepared to work at it, and to work at it some more, to fine-tune it. Inspiration is a very small part of creative thinking. Process, strategy, attitude, and application are also essential ingredients. In short, it doesnt take a special kind of person to quest after in creative thinking.There are approaches you can take and strategies you can apply that can uphold you in arriving at innovative ways of seeing and thinking. Best of all, as creative thinking benefits from current experiences, doing things a little differently, musing with ideas and being open to playful and unusual approaches, it can make your study very enjoyable. We hope this basic introduction to creative thinking has been useful. If you want to develop your creative thinking further, ask your bookseller for a copy of Skills for Success, written by Stella Cottrell and published by Palgrave Macmillan.

Political Philosophy and Human Beings Essay Example for Free

Political Philosophy and military forgiving being beings Es showFreedom is gener bothy term we use to talk well-nigh politics in our p stratagemnership nowadays. Eudaimonia is non a freedom plainly it betrays a more widely distributed difference in the stylus Aristotle approaches disparate societies. Eduaimonia is a biological concept with your liveness loss well With your subjectively attri providedes introduction fully developed. It is non a matter of your mood. If you ask if some unrivaled is flourishing it is more than if they argon sharp it is argon they becoming every occasion they mickle be. Are they exercising all told of their abilities? Freedom doesnt move over anyting to do with winner. Freedoms for Aristotle is piece of eudaimonia.Eudaimonia is a collection of compensates. You need material things and good luck and freedom and sustenance and water. Pg. 258 Aristotle says eudaimonia is a STATE OF ACTIVITY. VERY IMPORTANT. It is non retribut ory well being but withal well doing. Youre a Eudaimonistic person however if you enact the activities of a eudaimonistic person. You sky be a good citizen or a happy citizen if you just affect rights. You generate to exercise these rights. Some tolerant of personify process. Different activities in different cities because different cities have different rules and constitutions. Citizenship is a kind of doing. Citizens have function.The activity of citizens is that which supports the constitution of the metropolis or bring up or polis which they argon apart. The agitate of the polis is not just documentation but to have a good life. A good life that combines the success of the individual with the success of a upstanding. It is eer in interrogative sentence and an activity. Book 3 chapter 9 a polis is not the identical thing as an alliance. You toleratet take any political apprehension between 2 or 3 cities and mark them i city. just humans beings because the y have lecture Aristotle says bottom deal lesson judgments. non desire animals judge where the nutriment is but more complex judgments. Page 10 and 11.Our language is cap up to(p) of ma might distinctions that arent only physical. Aristotle claims animals dupet make moral judgments. Language and justness are immediately linked to the function of the polis. Our content to speak to one another is what makes us political. It is one function of the polis to define good and evil. To come to collective understanding of what is good and what is bad. Human beings have the strength to debate and judge differently which also means judge badly and judge well. This judging is a kind of activity. It is the business of cities. Even households do in their choosing how to describe laid together.Aristotles discussion of households and cities. Human beings in cardinal principle ways. The member of a lesser whole the household and the member of a larger whole which is the polis Both havi ng feeling parts and ruled parts. Polis Definition of a citizen one who shares in the administration of justice in the holding of office. He doesnt say what the office is to incorporate all the avers in the classic populace. Some monarchies where good deal who dont hold office who are still conceiveed citizens. NOW-A citizen is someone who is a legal potbellydidate for office even if they dont hold an office at that particularised cadence.Aristotle says if you have that one person who is qualified to be king either you have to make him king or get rid of him. When Aristotle gives the vanquish govt he says different kinds of government are beter for some circumstances. If city is under attack it may be smarter to give control to one person to make all the decisions so in that location is no confusion. The circumstance of the not so loaded not so unworthy with some allies and some opponents. BEST THING in this situation is to have a center class that finish alternate f rom vox populi and being ruled. He means battalion who arent to rich and arent to poor.The poor are to desperate and greedy so they dont ask to consider what is good for everyone. The rich just want to boss everyone around and want charge. The polis is the one compound that can be self-concious about its situation and a ruled and a ruling element. If were ruling we might get laid it to much so this could be a problem. If we are part of the ruled we might resent being ordered around. Human organization is like animal organization but it also has a special(prenominal) problem and a special dissolvent. The outperform thing is someone who can understand both ruling and being ruled.That is why the middle class would be best for the position. They understand both sides. Aristotle ventures even in a family they are not totally conscious of their situation. A bee hive has a quen bee but the bee doesnt know she is in charge and the other bees dont mind not being in charge it just is what it is. Polity like the A henceian system is best because everyone takes a share in ruling and being ruled. They drew names out of a hat for rule and you were part of ruling if you were pulled in the hat. The city was small comely so over the course of your lifetime al close everyone could be assured to be the ruler of the city.Most of your life you were in the other position of being ruled. This is the best in most condition or the average condition. If one person comes on and seem the best to rule and give give eudaimonia for everyone then they should rule but it happens very rarely. HOUSEHOLD AND thrall The household for Aristotle is another form of genial compound like the polis but on a little scale. Will have a ruling and a ruled element. Aristotle knows in advance because thither is always a ruling and a ruled element he knows what to look for so it is not move when he looks in a household he finds these two things.Aristotles perspective the adult priapic in a hou sehold rules and everyone else is subordinate to that position. All of the households Aristotle could see were dominated by men and for the most part were slave holding. Some period when individuals are not best in charge of their profess lives. (children) Discussion 2/7/14 Aristotle is more concerned with the practical style of things plato was thinking about how it should be. Aristotle sees the ruler and ruled everywhere. Phone- Sound and voice or pleasure and pain which pertains to animals like a redact screeching or a wolf howling. Logos- is speech and footing and judgment and language.Language and judgment go hand in hand. This is A PART OF BEING HUMAN. 4/10/14 Lecture Notes Hobbes considered by many to be first modern political theorist. Hobbes in politics in conservative for his time and place but his methods are very very radical. HOBBES AND ARISTOTLE Hobbes is opposite of Aristotle. Aristotle learned about politics through with(predicate) with(predicate) observation. He observed constitution and looked at how it was replicated towards ourselves. Aristotle thinks all vivid beings have a telos which is a natural end. A TELOS is something you are destined for not just death. Hobbes participated in scientific debate when he go to paris.Attempt like aristotles to approach politics through nature. HOBBES IDEA of what nature is and how you study are so different from aristotles. The state is an simulated animal says hobbes. What you learn about the natural world will not branch you everything and not the most important things about politics and state. The art of man is like the art of god. Look on the political world as a creation but as a human creation making an artificial animal. Study human beings alongside other animals. To Hobbes the state is something radically different from animal congregations and it DOESNT HAVE TO BE MADE unlike animals.If it is unmade it is chaos and war. standardised the England he had to run away from because of ci vil war. States are not a part of nature. Aristotle says the state is a natural formation and is suppose to be in that location. For Hobbes this is not true. WHEN HUMAN BEINGS ENTER INTO A STATE disposition IS WHAT WE LEAVE BEHIND. Human beings were in an unpolitical state before the state which to Hobbes is the state of nature. We were in a previous condition before the state which is nature to hobbes. To Aristotle everything is nature and human beings are always part of the natural world.Aristotles method is human beings are natural and politics and states were natural so he was going around to all different ones to figure out what they had in frequent. This makes no feel to Hobbes. No state of any kind is natural to Hobbes. Human beings Hobbes says clearly are made by nature and have natural characteristics that human beings have. To Hobbes the spate inside the artificial state still have those natural characteristics. You bank leave your body behind to make the state. If s tates are artificial we can make them how we want. Not aristotles naturally idea of 3-6 vitrines. Hobbess theory is sort of liberating but also terrifying.No guarantee we are safe. We are not natural into a natural order. If there isnt an order that we make we wont make it very long. Hobbess modern science including distrust of the senses. Hobbes is skeptical of our sensory perception and the ability of our senses to tell us the truth. Sensations clearly come from the natural world but we dont know merely where it is coming from. If we know our senses deceive us in some cases we cant be sure they dont always deceive us. PLATO ALSO DISTRUSTED THE SENSES AND ALSO LIKED GEOMETRY LIKE HOBBES AND EUCLIDIAN GEOMETRY. Plato thinks we can polish off some sort of reason and perceive it correctly.Hobbes is not rice beered in this. Pg. 4(chapter 1) Deviathlon Information we get through introspection can be trusted. Whoever looks into himself and considers what he does when he thinks of reasons hopes and caution. The only way to know humans and to have secure knowledge is to look into yourself. What you find when you look into yourself is good information to everybody else. When I understanding what im doing when I hope then I understand what youre doing when you hope even if they are different hopes. Same thing with fear. THAT FOR HOBBES IS SECURE STARTING POINT FOR SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE TO START POLITICS.Chapter 11-No Telos meaning no teleology dont study human beings or any part of nature by postulating there is some final examination ending for them and thinking we can find a way to get them there. Hobbes sees once you get something you want you find something else you want and so on and so on. Like calicles. (from another reading calicles is) Hobbes found this through his own introspection. Hobbes knows his desires are different others but he knows their desire for those things are the analogous. And he knows that he isnt satisfied when he gets what he wants so he knows others are the same way.Hobbes doesnt mean human beings all seek political power but like calicles the power to get what you want. Being able to arrange the world the way you like it. This for hobbes is what is natural. Not a natural ending but a natural beginning. Putting things into motion. Sees it as a physicist. Putting the world into motion. Hobbes says individuals have desires those desires set them in motion and once they are set in motion they dont tend to stop. Humans are particles seeking what they want with other particles (people) in the way not always getting what we want. Its not just politics to Hobbes that are artificial.Many other things are artificial that aristotles position was natural. MOST IMPORTANTLY IS SPEECH. (ARISTOTLE verbalise SPEECH WAS THE DEFINING NATURAL CHargonCTERISITC OF HUMAN BEINGS. HUMANS ARE THE ANIMALS WITH THE NATURAL QUALITY OF SPEAKING AND priming coat FOR ARISTOTLE. ) Just about everything except our desires are artificial to Hobbes. Speech is an invention. Hobbes says almost every moral evidence you want to make you will make it through speech which human beings made up so it doesnt tell us anything. Chapter 4. All moral truths from Hobbes sense are well constructed senses. We have set up the terms to lineup.The definition the words line up and make sense so it is true and we can define it. CHAPTER 6- GOOD AND EVIL People disagree not because they make mistakes about reasoning which plato would say they disagree because they have different preferences. They see good and evil through their own preferences. You nor I will worship to persuade each other to what we see fit. What does this mean for politics? Calicles who also survey good and evil were words that people made up. Calicles also thought people were bettor than others. He thought letting nature work itself out was letting the powerful people dominate the weak.HOBBES THINKS PEOPLE ARE NATURALLY EQUALLY. That doesnt mean they are evenly sma rt or large or truehearted or weak. We dont have equal desires wehave different desires. All Hobbes means by natural equality is that everyone of us is vulnerable to being killed by others. No human being is strong enough by themselves to secure themselves physically to secure themselves from others. WE ARE PHYSICALLY VULNERABLE MOST ESPECIALLY TO unrivalled ANOTHER. Human beings are born with physical desires and need power and security to help you get your desires. We live in a world with no system we are destined to be apart of like Aristotle thought.We dont settle our differences by appealing to a natural order or moral principles through reason that plato thought we could all agree on. Moral conceptual political conflicts make the world a knockout place because if you want catholocism you want it for others not just like chocolate which is for you. fundamentally human beings are bodies in motion. We will not stop unless we come up against counterveiling force. The state of n ature is the war of everyman against everyman. Chaos terror and war. We cannot look to nature to solve our problems because nature is the problem.We are each born with set of desires which are not in agreement with others. THIS IS POLITICAL PROBLEM WHAT IS THE SOLUTION. Reason and justice are just words we need a counter force. Something to bring order to a naturally disorganised system. We need something to make all the particles move in the same direction. The brand signifies the power of the state for Hobbes. thither is a solution that has to be imposed just because we are so different. Hobbes understand just how different everyone is and that is a problem. How can you handle the individuality of everyone and make them stop killing eachother when they are left in their natural condition.MUST SET UP A RULE AND GET THEM TO OBEY. We need an incentive that is great than our natural impulsion of our own desires. Everyone should have their greatest desire being staying alive. So we can eff the chocolate or vanilla. We will never enjoy anything in this world unless we are alive. LECTURE 2/12/14 Hobbes In nature there is a lack of agreement, trust and language. Life at the state of nature is solitary or nasty brutish and short to hobbes. The problem is fear and the solution is fear. We fear our own death that is good because then we all know we have that in customary.It is thinking(prenominal) to want to cooperate with other people but you can be tricked or betrayed. We also fear that other people wont perform their contracts. The solution will have to be some sort of unity. Pg. 132 chapter 17 You want to do whats right and you want to agree with other people but they may not cooperate. If you fear other people the leader will take that fear away and make you fear him. You will know everyone equally fears the sovereign and the consequences for non-agreement so they all have reason to agree. straightaway you fear death from the sovereign but maybe not as much from other people so now you can make agreements with one another.The sword hangs over all your covenants with one another. No conflilct for hobbes about being afraid and being free. You are in a position to be emancipated from the fear of fellow human beings and the state of nature by entering the commonwealth or the artificial state. All you have to do is give up your will to one man or one group of men. Hobbes thinks its more efficient to have one man do it but it can be a group. Where there is disagreement there is distrust and when there is distrust there is violence and war. By all of us agreeing to let one person speak then when he speaks thats it he has spoken for all of us.Even if we have disagreements it doesnt matter politically he has spoken and that is it. The existence of the leviathan allows us to make deals and agreements with one another about property etc We need a form of agreement that ends the problem so we can live in a fundamentally functioning artificial sta te. We can create an object of mutual equal simultaneous fear. If you can create a state that equally and simultaneously threatens everyone with terrible penalties when they break the justice you create the possibility of rectitude which doesnt exist in the state of nature. It is not a social covenant that protects your rights.It is about a govt protecting your body and your life. Not your rights. You fear govt because it has tremendous power but you are glad it does because it keeps everyone else in line and for yourself you know what to do. If you are a good person in the first place nothing is necessarily being interpreted away. Yes there is a sword over your head but it brings a situation you wanted anyway. Pg. clxx impropriety of the subject lies in the silence of the laws In nature you had the right to anything as far as hobbes was concerned. By placing everybodys rights in one central place you get back security. Law for hobbes is prohibition.Thou, shall, not kill steal e tc Law and rights are opposite. The more rights you have the less law the more law the less rights. Punishments dont need to be frequent and laws dont need to be harsh. Whatever the leviathan does not prohibit you are as free as the state of nature to do what you want to do. The sovereign needs to equally enforce in fear the violation of the law across a wide range of territory. The sovereign does need to be implicit. Pg. 132 ch. 17 If the sovereign is not absolute the problem is not solved. Without a unity of will the problem isnt solved thats why the sovereign needs to make all the laws.Also the sovereign needs to control all doctrines. Leviathan doesnt care what you think or believe it only cares what you say because it gets them riled up and people think they know whats right which leads them to cause problems. Is it bad to have govt control whats printed and distributed? Hobbes thinks its better than civil war. Hobbes thought everyone who had experienced the terror of civil war and everyman against everyman would take the leviathan. The foundation of this is the fact that we all want to live. What threatens leviathan? Competition, unobtrusiveness and glory.Diffidence is hobbes word for distrust. Glory and what hobbes sometimes calls vain glory is different because it pertains to a different type of good. Some materially desires can be solved without much difficulty like air and water. If we all want land that is a bit of a problem. We can solve that problem with a law telling us what land we get. It is a clear solution it solves the problem if we have a sword that is good enough. Being famous, being important, being well known, being socially eminent and prominent. Those are things that cannot slow be settled by law. Although laws can help them.Land food water air can be distributed but winning cant be distributed. Only one person can win. Only one person can be prime minister etc Not everyone can be a movie star because if everyone was nobody would be. Most people are happy with air water and food and land but some people want to be special and these for hobbes are the most dangerous people because some want glory so bad they will risk their lives for it. Some people want what they want even to the point of death. Antigone is someone who cares about something to the point where she is willing to give up her life for it.The antigones to hobbes are the most dangerous people. They are dangerous and make all of us perilous because the point of his threat was not to induce the fear in the law abiding person but to get you to understand everyone else in the state will abide and will be trustworthy. If the threat is not going to deter all then the system is going to break down. Thats what Hobbes thought happened in the English civil war about religion. Leviathan is a plea for rationality. The rational caculation to value your own life above all other things. There is no natural cure for nature.Letting people do their own thing will not turn into some spontaneous social agreement for the most part because they cannot trust each other even if it is in both of their interest to do so. A common fear is a sharing experience. You also experience ruling and being ruled at the same time. There is also a sense that the sovereign is all of us. (a bunch of little bodies that make up the leviathan) Hobbes is serious when he says it is a unity. Yes you give up in your rights to the sovereign but you also come to in the sovereign. The sovereign did not exist until you and I agree to give in and make it so.The body of the sovereign is our collective bodies. For hobbes our bodies are what we have in common. We are free to disagree about everything so long as we dont have a single person to speak for us. The sword is a dictionary or a set of meanings that are legal and illegal not right and wrong. The sword hangs over our head but in our hand we get a dictionary which tells us whit is legal and illegal. Leviathan is also a s olution to the moral and linguistic chaos in the state of nature where we dont agree on anything We can also have freedom and liberty as hobbes understands these terms.Not rights. Rights are what you have to give up to have the practice and experience of liberty. Febraury 19th, 2014 ROUSSEAU THE tender dumbfound Often appointed to a reason for the French Revolution. Pg. 53 on slavery- We are not going to look anymore at govt nature but we are going to assume all people are equal in nature. Force can create something but it cant create anything right. If there is going to be something in charge it has to be a covenant. (similar to Hobbes) Govt body with ROUSSEAU something artificial. Rosseau hates hobbes and Aristotle because they are theorists of slavery.Rosseau says there cannot be any such thing as legitimate slavery. If politics isnt going to have a moral function for Rosseau than it isnt worth talking or lean about. Aristotle theorized a natural slavery but for rosseau hobb es theorized an artificial slavery. Slavery under the sovereign. Rosseau says human beings would never take to to slavery by contract. Government has to be by consent and government has to n some sense respect the equality of every person. How to we avoid Hobbes problem of individuals having problems with everyone? Rosseau is not interested in devising a science of politics.Rosseau resembles plato because he wants to work directly in the language of reason. The book is full of historical examples. comparative lessons on political institutions that have worked in the past. Human beings have a special moral capacity which is another reason why slavery is intolerable to him. HOW IS ROSSEAU GOING TO CREATE A SOCIAL CONTRACT THAT IS MORAL AND IS BASED ON CONSENT? Pg. 60 if each of us takes individual rights against the state then we will end up back in a state of nature. Rosseau says the only thing that can work is the total alienation of every individual.The alienation of ones rights to the whole community. Hobbes said one gave himself to one man or an assembly of men. A contract that is completely neutral. We are all equal before and subsequently but the nature of our equality has changed. After we are equal beings in this community or late being and we all remain as equal as we are before. The difficulty with this is how does anyone decide what to do. We seaportt solved the problem of how we decide. Pg. 69- beginning of book 2 If we are going to give everything up to the community rosseau thinks there must be a reason to do it.common interest or the general will. It is not just a series of desires that we happen to share. When there is no love there is no family. Love sustains a family. Even though families go through the motions and confide with legal forms there is no love so there is a difference. The general will is to the state what love is to the family. The shake spirit that sustains it and creates and and without it there can be no such thing as a state. Being a member of a family doesnt mean you dont have your own opinions or interests that may conflict with other members of the family.But being members with a real loving family there is a time you set those interests and opinions to one side because you care about the fundamental well being of the others in your family so you set those things aside. The development of your reason and your realization of your common interest go together naturally as proto human animals what you lack is not a set of interest but a rational capacity to understand the overlap of your interest with everybody elses. Our interest dont change but we realize those interests can be realized beter collectively than they can be singly.The general will exists so long as we continue to believe and support and develop these common interests in the same way the family continues to exist as they believe and support and develop the common view of that family. When you think you are better off without anothe r person it is over even if you go through the motions for a decade aft(prenominal) this thought. (likewise for rosseau with a state if we are not committed to them it will not exist even if there is parliament it will be an empty form with no general will. ) Standing behind the social contract isan animated spirit that makes the contract possible but it is only possible for a human being. Animals cannot share in a general will because they dont have language and cannot reason together. The general will is meant to be at one in the same time a result of reason and a product of some kind of spirit. You cant see it like love in a family you just kind of know that it is there. Rosseau tended to idealize smaller communities. This kind of political community he is proposing is not well suiting for larger states. Rosseau thinks this is what it takes to actually have a state in which people remain free.You do what you need to do because you are happy to be a member of that organization. No one is holding a gun to your head. Even if you are not thrilled to perform the tax when you want to do it you understand the non-performance would be letting down your fellows in the community and you dont want tthat to happen because you value the community and the members in that community. All of us have some communities in which we are willingly apart. The only way a community of equals can be governed is if it is governed by the general will. It will be governed by voting by a community that rosseau imagines.It is very different from legal age rule. There is in rosseaus republic majority decision making but not majority rule. The point of the assembly is to discover what the general will is to rosseau. You agree to be bound by the majority because it is the only practical decision role. You go along with the decision of the majority because you think they share the same interest of the common good. When you lose that feeling that you are all there for the common purpose th en the state is gone and then you dont have a good reason to go along with the majority anymore.The shared purpose is gone and you are back to the state of nature where shared individuals have nothing in common. States can fall apart because people dont have common interest they can also fall apart because there is not constant interaction. Liberty is what you get when you have the general will in place. The general will is not the same thing as love or patriotism but it is similar to it. The spirit that animates you as you act as a citizen as oppose to a private individual.