“An Inconvenient Truth” by Al Gore (Global Warming) Essay

â€Å"An Inconvenient Truth† by Al Gore, is a documentary that tells us about Global Warming. As he tells us, Global Warming involves solar radiation, in the form of light waves, passing through the atmosphere. Most of this radiation is absorbed by the Earth and warms it. Then some of the energy is radiated back into space, by the Earth, in the form of infrared waves. However during this process, some of the outgoing infrared radiation is trapped by the Earth’s atmosphere and warms it; which in return keeps the temperature at a livable and somewhat constant level. However, the atmospheric layer is now being thickened by the harmful pollution and because of that more of the infrared waves are being trapped and are now warming more worldwide. Throughout the documentary Gore is targeting the people who want to know about global warming and those who need to make a change in order to stop the current, unrealized harm that global warming is causing. This is analyzed by the way he does his presentation. He performs his presentation in front of a live audience, an audience who is diverse. Diverse in the way that he has presented this slide show in many diverse places such as Aspen, Portland, London, Vienna, Italy, Spain, China, and South Korea just to name a few, and with males and females of every age. Gore also presents this slide show to people who want to know more about the situation. Which in return, we can assume that if the audience is attending his presentation, then they have little or no knowledge about the situation at hand and it is highly likely that they have not done much of anything in order to prevent global warming from becoming a future dilemma. In order for Gore to reach his audience he uses visuals and techniques. The documentary actually begins with a beautiful, peaceful visual of a flowing river with rustling leaves and chirping birds, all of which start the audience out with an idea of what will cease to exist and what they will lose if global warming does not cease. His visuals are also precise. For instance graphs derived from scientific research yet at the same time they were easy for everyone to understand due to Gore’s detailed explanation of each one. An example of this would be the graph he used that dated back 650,000 years. When he presented this graph he explained that it measured  CO2 and temperature related measurements. He then continued to explain that when there is more carbon dioxide then the temperature becomes warmer. He is also sure to include the fact that today’s CO2 measurement/concentration is higher now than ever before and that scientists project a great and dangerous increase in less than 50 years if there is no change. Al Gore also makes sure that during his speech he uses visuals that have sentimental value and that can also be remembered by the viewers once the documentary is finished. For example, he showed many photographs of deteriorating landmarks across the world, many of which are well known to a majority of viewers even if they have just heard of the names. A specific technique Gore also includes is a story telling technique. He used a story from his past that included a fellow classmate asking if the east coast of South America and West Coast of Africa were once joined together. He ended this story with a comical statement while also stating the answer to his fellow classmate’s question. This story telling technique allowed his presentation to appear more upbeat and entertaining to his audience rather than dull with only strict statistics. Last but not least, Gore uses humor as a technique. He does this by including a clip from the Simpsons, a comedy cartoon shown nationwide. The clip involved global warming and was used as a way to explain things in a different way and/or view to people who may not understand fully, while adding a slight humor to the serious situation. The visual argument was prominent throughout Al Gore’s documentary. When he was not using the many pictures and videos consuming mostly of the drastic changes that are already taking place, he was showing the graphs of scientific study and predictions for the near future all because of global warming. The pictures contained mountains that were once covered with snow caps but are now dry and desolate, glaciers that once stood 700 feet tall but now crack and crumble only to melt in the infrared warmed waters, lakes that once flowed freely down their lively paths but now almost cease to exist, and even trees that were once colorful and forcefully standing but now weak and drained of pigment. These were strong visual arguments as much as they were emotional stimuli. Strong arguments because the pictures spoke for themselves and no one can argue against the facts they can see with their own two eyes and strong emotional stimuli because people could now see  what their children wi ll never or no longer be able to see or enjoy. Another example of visual argument that provokes emotional responses would be the weather changes. For instance, global warming can be held accountable for the severity of Hurricane Katrina. This astonished people simply because Hurricane Katrina had also hit the state of Florida when it was titled as a category one hurricane, however Katrina then traveled over warm waters and became much stronger by the time it reached New Orleans. To prove this point Gore included a statistic that showed how the top ten hottest years occurred in the past fourteen year, 2005 being the ultimate hottest year on record. All of which affects the ocean waters as well as producing additional stronger storms such as tornados, typhoons, flooding, and even droughts. This truly affected them emotionally by actually seeing how the world is practically falling apart due to global warming. The specific emotional response that occurred to the viewers was despair and astonishment, mainly because many were actually viewing and understanding the harm that is being done by them and everyone else who is failing to respond to global warming warnings. In conclusion, the visual arguments, such as the videos and pictures, were greatly appropriate for Gore’s purpose because it actually allowed the viewers to see a reality that they on other terms may have never been able to see. It hopefully also gave the viewers the urge to change their ways in order to fight the bigger crisis that may come in the future because of global warming. Like Gore said, â€Å"This is not really a political issue, so much as it is a moral issue, if we allow global warming to happen it is deeply unethical.†Authority also plays a role in the documentary. Gore, for instance, is a great example of authority on the topic of global warming. He has a great knowledge on the subject from his constant research and is looked up to by many people because of his standing on politics, since he is a well known political figure. The sources of other authorities, such as the sources of the scientific studies, the photographs, and short informational videos, are all named at the end of the documentary, if not stated by Gore himself during his presentation. The sources of information are current as well as a few years old, after all there were studies done in the past that were used in order to compare today’s statistics. Also, the authorities are respected by the audience in the way that the audience simply believes the information being given to them through out the  documentary. In addition, Al Gore includes â€Å"little movies† of his life throughout the documentary. These movies consisted of when he was running for the presidency against George W. Bush, how he became interested in global warming, how his life was growing up, and even life changing moments involving his son and best friend. By including moments of his presidential campaign against Bush it showed his audience how he can bounce back from a loss and sill be determined to inform the people of problems in order to help them. It also shows that if he would have won, he would have made global warming a main issue. â€Å"Little movies† of his young life allow his audience to see ways he actually relates to them. Whether it be the closeness he held with his family or the way he moved from place to place to accommodate his father’s lifestyle as a tobacco farmer and his senate duties. Gore even included the way he has had to deal with a loss of a best friend whom died long before she should have because of lung cancer due to smoking. He included this as a comparison to the situation of global warming. Gore explains that his father would always find excuses to continue growing tobacco after the surgeon general’s warning until the death of his close friend. This is just like people coming up with reasons to avoid paying attention to global warming situation. Gore also includes information about his son when he was hit by a car and was put into critical condition. This would relate to the majority of the audience who has children themselves and at the same time show everyone that he has tragedies in his life just like every other ordinary person does. Another important part included through the little movies, possibly the most important little movie because it contained main emphasis on the topic, was how he became interested in global warming. He informed his viewers that his interest was jump started by an image, an image shown to him in college by a favored professor. He then explains that this college professor was also a talented scientist who would send weather balloons over the pacific in order to get statistics of his own. The professor recorded his findings and shared them with his classmates, all of which Al Gore absorbed like a sponge and became interested. In conclusion, Gore’s purpose for this documentary is to inform the people of global warming and how it is effecting the earth now. It also evidently shows how it will severely effect us in the future if we do not act on it. He wants everyone to realize this is something to start worrying about now and not put it off any longer. He also wants to give people hope that they can overcome this and change the process of global warming. After all we, as a whole, have overcome wars, famines, slavery, the right for women to vote, defeated totalitarianism, desegregated schools, cured fearsome diseases like polio, worked together to bring down communism, and have even fixed a hole in the atmospheric layer, which was said to be impossible. Another main purpose is to help everyone understand the alternative ways we can bring carbon emissions to zero in order to defeat this issue. These alternative ways include changing they electricity we use, the cars we drive, and even the things we buy. It is necessary to encourage everyone to make a change. Buy energy efficient light bulbs, increase insulation, plant trees, walk or ride a bike rather than drive, switch to renewable energy sources when possible, and even vote for leaders who pledge to solve this problem. In Al Gore’s own words, † It’s separating the truth from the fiction and the accurate connections from the misunderstandings is part of what you learn here but when the warnings are accurate and based on sound science then we as human beings, whatever country we live in, have to find a way to make sure the warnings are heard and responded to.† Gore, Al. â€Å"An Inconvenient Truth†. Documentary. 2006.

Career Development Plan Part I Essay

The purpose of this Job analysis is in response to the current merger facing InterClean Incorporated and its employees. Welcoming this opportunity and supporting changes on this Journey is encouraged. This report will explain the Job analysis, describe the workforce planning system, identify the selection method, and the chosen employees. Job Analysis for new Salesperson Positions in InterClean Job Analysis Methods: The combination of the Job performance and interview method could help InterClean design the qualifications and primary functions for the new sales position. The Job erformance method is well suited for the development of tests and interviews as well as the design of performance appraisals and training. Interviews can be a integral part of the analysis as the company endeavors to use the information to create Job description and study Job evaluations. The observation method would also be beneficial because direct exposure to Jobs can provide a richer, deeper understanding of Job requirements than workers’ descriptions of what they do. Main job duties and specifications: 0 Maintain a thorough comprehension of company products, services, and rocesses. This will help in knowing how to satisfy the customers’ needs and requests. OPerforms routine and regular follow up with potential clients and former clients. Establish and maintain outstanding customer services, which is geared for long lasting relationships with clients. Responsible for locating and establishing new leads. 0 Convince new leads that InterClean can outperform their current full cleaning services by providing efficient, timely, quality, and expeditious services. 0 Obtain a minimum of two new contracts per personnel per year. Workforce Planning System A successful workforce planning system helps to anticipate future business and environmental demands on an organization, and to provide qualified people to fulfill that business and satisfy those demands. It consists of: 0 Set company’s Strategic Direction 0 How many and what types of Jobs are needed in order to meet the performance objectives of the organization? 0 How will Interclean develop worker skills? 0 What strategies should Interclean use to retain these skills? Conduct workforce analysis 0 Analyze employees and determine current workforce profile; number of mployees, skill assessments, salary, workforce diversity 0 Analyze and develop future workforce profile 0 Develop strategies, which include the programs, policies, and practices that assist in recruiting, developing, and retaining the critical staff needed to achieve sales goals. 0 Identify the workforce needed to carry out the mission of InterClean Selection There will be six new positio ns to fill by someone from Interclean or Envirotech. The Outside Sales Representatives. The employee selection is the â€Å"process of collecting and evaluating information about an individual in order to extend an offer of mployment. † Employee selection is part of the overall staffing process of the organization, which also includes human resource (HR) planning, recruitment, and retention activities. Human resource planning will assist InterClean with identifying the necessary required knowledge, skills, and abilities needed for each position. Then it will be compared to the anticipated availability of the personnel from InterClean and Envirotech. Once that is determined, the positions will be filled using the mental ability and validity generalization tests. The different types of mental bility tests that would be most beneficial include: Measures of general intelligence Verbal, nonverbal, and numerical skills Spatial relations ability (the ability to visualize the effects of manipulating or changing the position of objects) Reasoning, and comprehension Clerical aptitudes (perceptual speed tests), and Inductive reasoning (the ability to draw general conclusions on the basis of specific facts) (Cascio, 2005). Results using Mental Ability Tests 0 Jim Martin- VP of Sales; He is knowledgeable with the products and industry, herefore, he would have easier time in accommodating customer requests. His reputation validates that he knows how to interact with customers and handle situations in a professional manner. Follows through with goals and knows how to implement with success. 0 Susan Burnt- OIS Sales Rep- She has been with the company for a while so it shows she has dedication and a lot of experience with understanding different departments of the company. Her experience with each department she worked in shows that she is determined and aggressive for challenges to help her grow as an individual. Knowing that she understands what’s involved and can go to the root of the problem if there may be any to make sure the job is done correctly. Her interaction with each department shows that she gets along with co-workers, therefore she would have the same type of relationship with customers because she values each relationship.

An Analysis of Letter from a Birmingham Jail

A letter from Birmingham Prison was written by Dr. Martin Luther King in April 1963. As the title says, he is sitting in a prison in Birmingham, Alabama. King was sentenced for isolation in public places such as lunch counters and public toilets and sentenced for involvement in peaceful protest action (Berkley, 2003). When he was sentenced to prison, Mr. Kim protested against the White Ministers who believed that this was wise and obsolete demo guided by outsider guidance as partial demonstration. read. . The rhetorical analysis of Letters from Birmingham Prison, Letters from Birmingham Prison (Martin Luther King) is a letter to the king who wrote a letter to Priest in response to his recent criticisms. At that time I was leading Birmingham. This letter was written in April 1963. At that time, isolation was basically the peak in the south. In particular, Birmingham was said by the king probably the most isolated city in America ​​(King 7). Kim continues to inform the pr iests about reality, and waiting is no longer an option. In that letter, Kim uses various rhetoric methods. Dr. Martin Luther King, who rhetorically analyzed the letter from Birmingham Prison in Letters from Birmingham Prison said eight articles of clergy explaining Birmingham's racial injustice and money issues I answered. The reason for the organization is to protest against civil rights. He introduced himself and his behavior at the beginning of the letter. He stated that his direct action protest action was aimed at opening the door to the letter from Birmingham Prison. The letter explains the controversy that occurred when the clergy criticized Luther as it entered Birmingham. Luther King Jr wrote a letter to clergy, suggesting that racial discrimination is managed by a legal administrator and is not hindered by King and his team, outsiders. This letter was published by the American educational program

Term Paper on What are the causes and effects of Rapid population Essay

Term Paper on What are the causes and effects of Rapid population growth in third world countries - Essay Example According to the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA 1999) the world population is expected to reach a total of 9.1 billion in 2050 and all of the growth will take place in the less developed countries. This means that there will be significant increases in the populations of countries of Africa, Latin America and the Caribbean, parts of Asia and Eastern Europe. Overpopulation results from a lower death rate and a higher birth rate. One of the major causes of rapid population growth is attributed to the discoveries and improvements in science and technology. With the improvement in medical technology and the discoveries of vaccines, new medicines and the extinction of many childhood diseases, many persons have a longer life span and even if they are faced with multiple diseases medicines and foods have helped in the cure and the possibility of living longer. With the implementation of public health programs many governments have been instrumental in containing infectious diseases such as malaria and tuberculosis. More people have access to a cleaner, safer supply of drinking water. The population of most developing countries increases at two percent to four percent per year (Stanton, 2003). They hold eighty percent of the world’s population. The forty nine least developed countries in the world have the fastest growth rate. These cou ntries include Afghanistan, Angola, Bangladesh, Ethiopia, Mali, Yemen, Malawi. The three projected possibilities indicate a large increase when compared with the population explosion of the 1950’s. It also shows an increasing trend that may continue to grow well beyond the year 2050. Many families in developing countries, although they have access to family planning advice and methods still prefer to have large families which may be due to traditional or religious reasons or a combination of

Case Study eassy on Weight Watcher INC Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Case Study eassy on Weight Watcher INC - Essay Example The main competitors of Weight Watcher are Nutrisystem, Jenny Craig and eDiets. According to the report the weight management industry came to light in the late 1990s., from 2006 onwards there is a promising upwards trend in the world diet control market. Generally there are two distinct kinds of strategies associated with the diet control industry, one is the strategy for long term growth of the organization and the second one is retention of the customer base to maintain their involvement . During the span of last 20 years, there is a continuous trend of the growth in the population. With the growing trend of population obesity as well as overweight also increased during this time span. The importance of the physical exercise , awareness of health benefit , loosing weight all these parameters now have a huge demand in the world population. So along with the time, the weight management industry is also growing along with the time. But in the recent time, there are also some negative impact in the weight management industry. According to the report, the industry rose to $ 59.7 billion in the year 2009 which was only about 2% growth YOY. But it was failing to close in with historical 6% growth rate. (Taber et.al, 2010, p. 8). There are also different challenges associated with the growth of weight watchers. Being one of the leading organizations in the market it is now facing a tough competition from others, moreover it is also facing a challenge to develop a forward focus diet plan for the 21st century. According to this report, during the year 2011, Weight Watchers tried to represent themselves in the markets of USA and abroad. Their focus also shifted from women centric to cover all the gender across the society, launching new and innovated diet program to capture the market potential. General Factors and Industry Environments that Affect Weight Watcher’s Choice of Strategy The weight Watcher’s business strategy is based on different parameters like the any top organization. Being a top performing company in this sector their strategy was also very up to date and for a long span of time they remain the sole dominant force in this field. To decide on the strategy, they rely on following points. They believe in giving to the customer what they want not what they need, they have designed their strategy based on marketing the feelings of loosing weight not the product. Different factors like creating exclusive products for different age groups, different weight groups. At the very beginning the main focus of the organization was to target the women to reduce and maintain their weight as the obesity was one of the key disease in the country. To reach up to the maximum number of people, they have designed online course material as well as several live campaigns in different places to ensure that they can reach up to the every corner of the society for every class. General factors which are associated with their strategy are like giving their customer what they want in a scientific and standard way so that customer remains interested in their services. Their customer centric approach increased the customer base drastically. The general factors and the environment related to the strategy of the organization is governed by porter’s five force model. Hill and Jones (2010), in their analysis mentioned Porter’

Project Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 15

Project Management - Essay Example This can be embraced to improve the look and feel of the hotel. The main aim of this project is to redesign Hotel Sun Beach to give it a modern look yet at the same time preserving its cultural historical look to enable it maintain its status as the main tourist attraction in the region. This will only be achieved by focusing on different areas of the hotel that finally makes it up as a whole. Since time in memorial, Hotel Sun Beach has been the main tourist attraction in the region. This has enabled it offer exceptional services which are being financed from its own income from tourists. To maintain its status and offer even better services, it has become vital to improve its image both from the inside and the outside, something that can only be achieved from a carefully planned process focused to make it maintain a position second to none. This project is directed towards achieving exactly that. The success of any project is always determined by how well tasks have been planned and executed to achieve the overall objective set for the project as a whole. The extent to which these activities and tasks can be executed within a project is what is termed as the project scope. In order for one to ensure that they remain within the project scope throughout the project life, it is important for them to adopt a predetermined sequence of events each of which is directed towards achieving a predetermined deliverable or project milestone. This series of predetermined events within a project is called a project methodology. According to the United States Department of Agriculture, (USDA FSA, 2009), a project lifetime processes can be grouped into five (5) groups which can be executed multiple times throughout the life of the project. The five groups which have been extracted from the System Development Life Cycle (SDLC) Methodology are: To ensure that the project does not deviate away from its objectives, PRINCE2 project

Analysis of Growth Area Authoritys Aurora Precinct Structure Plan in Assignment

Analysis of Growth Area Authoritys Aurora Precinct Structure Plan in Light of Food Security, Climate Change and Population Growth Issues - Assignment Example The country is located in the Southern Hemisphere and is surrounded by Pacific and Indian Ocean. It has a temperate climate instead of a tropical one. As a result, it has less rainfall every year. The entire country is dry and its center is a desert where large cactus grows (About Australia, 2012). Due to extreme dry land conditions and infertility, the population density is only 2.8 inhabitants per square kilometer, which is the lowest figure in the world (Ibid, 2012). The phenomenon of global warming has significantly affected the world including Australia where the country’s frequency and quantity of rainfall has further declined. The dry parts of the country have little or no fertility that significantly affects food supply. Thus, the inhabitants are forced to settle down near the coastline to have continuous supply of food, water, rainfall and other benefits. Consequently, the cities are becoming heavily populated and overcrowded (Major Cities Unit, 2011). Likewise, the C ity of Whittlesea's north area was known as Epping North. Due to the non-availability of infrastructure, services and high development costs, Epping North remains undeveloped (About Australia, 2012). One possible way to mitigate these issues is to develop structure and strategic policies that focus on the development and construction in the country. For instance, in 2001 and 2002, Victorian Government plan, known as VicUrban, decided to develop this land and got control of a massive piece of land which is now known as Aurora (Aurora Precinct Structure Plan, 2001). The Victorian Government developed its strategic planning and policy framework that comprises of various policies that aim at focusing on the development of Aurora. It initiated a master structure plan titled Aurora Precinct Structure Plan, which intends to provide provisions for the effective development and growth of Aurora. The Victorian Civil and Administrative Council evaluates each development in the city based on th e well-established principles of planning for Transit-oriented development. Any structure development plan that is in contrast to the objectives set in the Aurora Precinct Structure Plan is rejected by the Council. Aim This paper aims to critically analyze the strategic plan titled Aurora Precinct Structure Plan in regard to its ability to approach the issue of climate change, food insecurity and population growth and to its adequacy to an analysis of future directions in planning. Objectives In order to achieve the aim of the analytical paper, the paper has following objectives: 1. To study the prevailing and threatening environmental issues that can affect the sustenance and growth of Aurora. 2. To study the Aurora Precinct Structure Plan. 3. To evaluate it in regard to the provisions and policies for the upliftment, improvement, stability and mitigation of the environmental issues that Aurora is expected to face in the next few decades. 4. To evaluate the adequacy of the strategi c policy titled Aurora Precinct Structure Plan in regard to the future directions in planning. 5. To enumerate the potential risks and shortcomings of Aurora Precinct Structure Plan from the environmental perspective. Climate Change, Food Security and Population Growth Issues in Aurora According to the Climate Change Department of Australia, the country has observed climate change affect in three aspects. Firstly, the temperature of Australia has increased

Benefits & Compensations Task 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Benefits & Compensations Task 2 - Essay Example The standard pay for a software developers, programmer and engineers is $71k per annum. In order to be on the safe side and retain the employees the company should give a compensation of $ 71 K per annum to the software experts. Te sales representative should have a fixed salary of $ 51 K per annum. In the company the lowest earning employee should earn at least $ 29 K per annum. The lowest paid employee should be the administrative manager in charge of company’s records and processing of orders placed by the customers. The marketing specialist should pocket at least $ 51 k per annum. For motivation purposes, the sales representative should be given commission of the sales they make in addition of the total salary they take home. In addition to the salary, workers should be given a part time bonus in order to motivate workers to work more hours. The bonuses should be range from $ 200 to $ 400 per hour depending on the profession. The bonuses will serve as a motivation factor i n which employees will be ready to work even old hours of the day. Some companies do not provide part time bonuses and if YLSS gives out the bonuses the employees will not be willing to leave the organization. Each employee in the company should also enjoy other benefits like health insurance, PTO and life insurance. The company should pay the insurance for the employee (PayScale, 2015). The pay-policy is aimed at making sure that the employees are satisfied and remain focused to YLSS. The benefits and salary given to the employee will enable the workers to be motivated and provide services for many years. The insurance cover will serve as a security to make sure that employees can be treated when they get sick and return back to work. The salary proposed is the highest in the market and employees will not be tempted to find job in other companies. YLSS should have more benefits than the competitors as listed in the recommendation above in

Self Evaluation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Self Evaluation - Essay Example I am going to go a head and discuss a real life case study which I experienced myself while I was working as a house supervisor for Familia Group Home Inc. This business housed teens ranging from 14-22 with violent aggressive behaviors and drug addictions. The company just pretty much gave out applications for anyone who came by seeking employment and would send them to get a security background check if cleared they could be hired by the owner. There were 10 employees all together at that time. The company did not have any standard operating procedures and/or policies hence the problems occurring due to the absence of such policies are self explanatory. For example, the employees reporting to work on time had no incentive of doing so while the employees who were not punctual faced no embracement. My objective was to basically establish an effective and efficient human resource department comprising of at least one HR coordinator and one assistant. I could not have just hired one person because like Bazerman, Loewenstein, and White (1992) have also demonstrated that people exhibit less will power when they weigh choices separately rather than jointly. The purpose was to create a set of policies like, The challenge was to compare the cost of hiring a qualified and experienced HR person versus the cost of having un-organized and un-monitored employees leading to jeopardized care of the facility and compromised treatment of the children, which of course was against the aim of the organization. Therefore there were 2 options, The problem with hiring a new person for taking care of human resources was not only the cost of it being higher than the 2nd option but also the time. The time, which the new person will require to adjust and understand the situation, get trained and then work according to it. We decided to

Risk factors for depression Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Risk factors for depression - Research Paper Example The best treatment options are said to be the combination of both medications and psychotherapy, but electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is also an option when others do not work. Depression: Evidences of Risk Factors, Signs and Symptoms, and Treatment Methods Introduction The human experience of sadness and gloom is normal among individuals, but it may be different once it becomes chronic and interferes with activities of daily living. Depression is one of the common causes in seeking professional psychologic help, and timely interventions could greatly help the depressed individual. Although depression may appear to be merely preoccupations of negative emotions, it can lead to dreadful effects, including suicide, once neglected. The diagnosis of depression may also be co-existing with other illnesses as well. It comes in different types with several signs and symptoms, and may be caused by a variety of elements, of which the present text will explore the risk factors associated with th e condition using recent studies as evidences. Risk factors Numerous researches have been published to study risk factors of depression. In a 7-year longitudinal population study, Lorant et al. (2007) determined if longitudinal change in socio-economic factors affect change of depression level. Low socio-economic status, especially in the context of material standards of living, has constantly been associated with increased incidence of depression. Results gathered show that a decline in socio-economic status is consequent to increased risks of depression, looking also into ceasing cohabitation with a partner and unemployment. Ceasing cohabitation with a partner increased risk levels of depression particularly among women; and unemployment did not influence the level or risk of depression, in contrast to other cited studies, but with considerations of the research design and methods (p. 296). It is also seen that generally, the negative effects of worsening socio-economic conditions were greater than the positive effects when these conditions improved (p. 296). This study presents that socio-economic factors, including income, poverty, unemployment, education, and social relationships, are linked to prevalence of depression, where both have an inversely proportional relationship. Netterstrom et al. (2008) focus on work-related psychosocial stressors in relation to the development of depression. Using several models, the authors review previous researches to assess such relationship, basing on either psychiatric scales, scales with with diagnostic classifications, or antidepressant prescription, or depression measured with a questionnaire (p. 121). According to the review, occupational psychosocial factors were associated with the development of depression, especially in instances where there are high psychological demands and low degree of social support (p. 126). Demands would, however, vary according to the job and the work setting. This review, in accordanc e to the studies looked into, implies that an individual’s work, especially job satisfaction and social support in such occupation, is linked to depression. When an individual feels satisfied and fulfilled with his or her job and receives positive reinforcement, there are lesser chances for depression, and vice versa.

Biography of William Shakespeare (1564-1616) Essay Example for Free

Biography of William Shakespeare (1564-1616) Essay In the mid-sixteenth century, William Shakespeares father, John Shakespeare, moved to the idyllic town of Stratford-upon-Avon. There, he became a successful landowner, moneylender, glove-maker, and dealer of wool and agricultural goods. In 1557, he married Mary Arden. John Shakespeare lived during a time when the middle class was expanding in both size and wealth, allowing its members more freedoms and luxuries as well as a louder voice in local government. He took advantage of the change in times and in 1557 became a member of the Stratford Council. This event marked the beginning of his illustrious political career. By 1561, he was elected one of the towns fourteen burgesses and subsequently served successively as constable, one of two chamberlains, and alderman. In these positions, he administered borough property and revenues. In 1567, he became bailiff—the highest elected office in Stratford and the equivalent of a modern-day mayor. Town records indicate that William Shakespeare was John and Marys third child. His birth is unregistered, but legend pins it on April 23, 1564, possibly because it is known that April 23 is the day on which he died 52 years later. In any event, his baptism was registered with the town on April 26, 1564. Little is known about his childhood, although it is generally assumed that he attended the local grammar school, the Kings New School. The school was staffed by Oxford-educated faculty who taught the students mathematics, natural sciences, logic, Christian ethics, and classical language and literature. Shakespeare did not attend university, which was not at all unusual for the time. University education was reserved for wealthy sons of the elite, mostly those who wanted to become clergymen. The numerous classical and literary references in Shakespeare’s plays are a testament, however, to the excellent education he received in grammar school (and to his ability as an autodidact). His early plays in particular draw on the works of Seneca and Plautus. Even more impressive than his formal education is the wealth of general knowledge exhibited in his works. His vocabulary exceeds that of any other English writer by a wide margin. In 1582, at the age of eighteen, William Shakespeare married the twenty-six-year-old Anne Hathaway. Their first daughter, Susanna, was baptized only six months later—a fact that has given rise to speculation concerning the circumstances surrounding their marriage. In 1585, Anne bore twins, baptized Hamnet and Judith Shakespeare. Hamnet died at the age of eleven, by which time Shakespeare was already a successful playwright. Around 1589, Shakespeare wrote his supposed first play, Henry VI, Part 1. Sometime between his marriage and writing this play, he moved to London, where he pursued a career as a playwright and actor. Although many records of Shakespeares life as a citizen of Stratford—including marriage and birth certificates—have survived, very little information exists about his life as a young playwright. Legend characterizes Shakespeare as a roguish young man who was once forced to flee London under suspect circumstances perhaps having to do with his love life. But the little written information we have of his early years does not necessarily confirm this characterization. In any case, young Will was not an immediate and universal success. The earliest written record of Shakespeares life in London comes from a statement by the rival playwright Robert Greene. In his Groatsworth of Witte (1592), Greene calls Shakespeare an upstart crow [who] supposes he is as well able to bombast out a blank verse as the best of you. While this is hardly high praise, it does suggest that Shakespeare rattled the London theatrical hierarchy even at the beginning of his career. It is natural, in retrospect, to attribute Greenes complaint to jealousy of Shakespeares ability, but of course we cant be sure. With Richard III, Henry VI, The Comedy of Errors, and Titus Andronicus under his belt, Shakespeare was a popular playwright by 1590. * The year 1593, however, marked a major leap forward in his career. By the end of that year, he secured a prominent patron in the Earl of Southampton and his Venus and Adonis was published. It remains one of the first of his known works to be printed and was a huge success. Next came The Rape of Lucrece. Shakespeare had also made his mark as a poet and most scholars agree that the majority of Shakespeares sonnets were probably written in the 1590s. In 1594, Shakespeare returned to the theater and became a charter member of the Lord Chamberlains Men—a group of actors who changed their name to the Kings Men when James I ascended to the throne. By 1598, he was the principal comedian for the troupe; by 1603, he was principal tragedian. He remained associated with the organization until his death. Although acting and playwriting were not considered noble professions at the time, successful and prosperous actors were relatively well respected. Shakespeare’s success left him with a fair amount of money, which he  invested in Stratford real estate. In 1597, he purchased the second largest house in Stratford—the New Place—for his parents. In 1596, Shakespeare applied for a coat of arms for his family, in effect making himself a gentleman. Consequently, his daughters made â€Å"good matches,† marrying wealthy men. The same year that he joined the Lord Chamberlains Men, Shakespeare wrote Romeo and Juliet, along with Loves Labours Lost, The Taming of the Shrew, and several other plays. Two of his greatest tragedies, Hamlet and Julius Caesar, followed around 1600. Hamlet is widely considered the first modern play for its multi-faceted main character and unprecedented depiction of his psyche. The first decade of the seventeenth century witnessed the debut performances of many of Shakespeare’s most celebrated works, including many of his so-called history plays: Othello in 1604 or 1605, Antony and Cleopatra in 1606 or 1607, and King Lear in 1608. The last play of his to be performed was probably King Henry VIII in either 1612 or 1613. William Shakespeare lived until 1616. His wife Anna died in 1623 at the age of 67. He was buried in the chancel of his church at Stratford. The lines above his tomb—allegedly written by Shakespeare himself—read: Good friend, for Jesus sake forbear To dig the dust enclosed here. Blessed be the man that spares these stones And cursed be he that moves my bones. *The dates of composition and performance of almost all of Shakespeares plays remain uncertain. The dates used in this note are widely agreed upon by scholars, but there is still significant debate around when and where he wrote most of his plays.

Molecular Gastronomy During Cooking Media Essay

Molecular Gastronomy During Cooking Media Essay The art of cooking is as old as humanity and cooking is such an important part of our world which obviously needs scientific attention. Although science has contributed to food safety, hygiene and nutritional aspects, little has been done towards innovation and invention of new dishes. The ancient Greek words, gastro means stomach and nomos means law, collectively termed as gastronomy, which in contemporary hospitality industry means food and culture. It generally refers to the study of relationship between food and culture with interdisciplinary approaches. This literature attempts to explain molecular gastronomy, its origin and evolution, along with its relevance and contributions to the contemporary hospitality industry. Cooking and gastronomy Even though molecular gastronomy has attracted media attention for quite a while, still there is confusion about the true meaning of the term. To explain this, cooking and gastronomy has to be distinguished first. Cooking is the preparation of raw food into edible, whereas gastronomy is the knowledge of whatever concerns mans nourishment. Gastronomy is about chemical and physical transformation behind the preparation of any food, for example, the reason behind egg white puffs up when whipped or mayonnaise becomes firm. (This, 2006). According to HerveThis, the science of food is not new but dates back to second century BC, when preparation of meat stock-the aqueous solution obtained by thermal processing of animal tissues in water-has been of great interest. Since then, scientists have been interested in food and cooking which gave way to molecular gastronomy. If culinary history is scrutinised, it will be clear that, initially food experts studied the culinary science to steer clear of blind assumptions and unscientific ways of cooking. But today, the science of food has reached its extreme in the form of molecular gastronomy, which chemically examines the food and cooking in its molecular level to give a new face for cooking and change the total concept of commercial cooking in near future. Molecular gastronomy The scientific discipline dedicated to culinary industry and to gastronomical phenomena in general has been called molecular gastronomy the late Nicholas Kurti and HerveThis (This, 2005). Molecular gastronomy can also be defined as a field that attempts to improve the culinary techniques through understanding the composition and chemical transformations occurring in food during the process of cooking (Ankeny, Year Unknown). Gastronomy or molecular gastronomy is the science just like any other science in the world, which studies the cause and effect of anything that happens during cooking including the structural difference in same cooking ingredients of different quality, which have an effect on the final product. If we can answer the question, we can correct a mistake, use this knowledge to improve the cooking process or even invent new dishes or ways to prepare food. For example, if we know that when an egg is cooked, water evaporates, the proteins denature and polymerize to enclos e water, we can even use substitute methods to cook it, like adding alcohol to it, which denature the egg proteins and gives the same result. Molecular gastronomy also deals with the study of human senses and perception of taste, aroma, texture and temperature, in short, the sensory science known as chemesthesis (berham et. al, 2010). It studies the perception of senses in molecular level in order to understand how different dishes are perceived as awful, average, good or delicious, when they are made of similar ingredients. Although chemesthesis of human beings are the same, people of different genre appreciates different types of food. For example westerners cooking style is entirely different from Asians, and while Asians appreciate spicy food, most westerners do not. At a glance, molecular gastronomy can be described as applying the techniques of food scientists to fine dining drying, liquefying, gassing, freezing and generally transforming ingredients into surprising new forms and textures while maintaining the flavours. Early converts include French two-star chef Pierre Gagnaire, who added scallops with liquorice milk to his menu in 1991 (Hill. B, 2009). Aim of molecular gastronomy Being the science of cooking, molecular gastronomy has a few aims in the field of domestic and commercial cooking. It endeavours to remodel and scrutinise existing recipes, introduce new tools, products and methods, invent new dishes from the acquiring knowledge and use the appeal of food to promote food science (This, 2006). Before analysing the aims, a significant question is that, who is actually interested in molecular gastronomy? Is it the chefs who are interested in chemical and physical science of food or scientists who are interested in food and cooking? Answer could go both the ways. Chefs are always interested in innovation in culinary art, which obviously needed scientific help to explain the reasons for transformation that occur in the cooking process. For remodelling a recipe or innovating a new dish they had to understand what actually happens to any food when it undergoes different forms of cooking. For this reason they needed scientific help to explain the reasons behind any cooking process or transformation. But at the same time, scientists are interested in the scientific aspects of food rather than innovation and remodelling recipes. Hence, molecular gastronomy can be said to be teamwork of food science and cooking or in other words, chefs and scientists. However, chefs made use of scie ntific explanation of cooking processes which resulted in innovation in food industry or more apparently molecular gastronomy. But today, with worldwide recognition of molecular gastronomy, it has evolved as a collaboration of chefs, scientists, companies in food industry and culinary schools. In addition, efforts are being made to incorporate the new science into culinary schools to impart knowledge of molecular gastronomy into upcoming industry professionals to provide a new visage to the food and beverage industry. Continuing with the aims of molecular gastronomy, remodelling and scrutinising the existing recipes is one of the primary attempts, initially by educating the professionals about the chances of scientific approach to cooking art. Complex disperse systems formalism (This, 2006) was introduced to describe the microscopic structure of preparations with different phases, to help in this attempt. Consequently, many of the existing recipes has been modernized or modified to correct the mistakes, attain a better product and to better favour the palate of the customer. Educational efforts are equally important to standardise these remodelled recipes to achieve consistency. For this reason, several programmes were introduced in culinary schools internationally. In 2001, the experimental workshop on flavour was created in French schools. Universities in various countries, such as the Netherlands, Denmark and Argentina have set up professorships in this discipline. Since then, Canada and France have introduced new syllabus for culinary schools to include knowledge obtained from molecular gastronomy. In 2005, the Institute for Advanced Studies on Flavour, Gastronomy and the Culinary Arts was created in Reims, France, to promote gastronomy knowledge, including molecular gastronomy. New or remodelled recipes to a great extent involve new cooking techniques which need new systems and tools. So, quite obviously, molecular gastronomy is introducing or giving way to new cooking tools and techniques, taking the art of cooking into another level. In terms of new products, with the help of molecular gastronomy, it is now possible to customise the food to the need of different people with different diet requirements, without restricting the taste and palatability of their meals. For example, now a day, caviar can be artificially made (in fact something looks and tastes like caviar) from fruits and chemicals. Similarly, using the secret of food chemistry, different ingredients can be used to make several dishes which look, smells and tastes like original dishes, which have no ingredients of the original dish. Even though the dishes tastes and feel like original, the ingredients can be different, thus giving us an opportunity to try different dishes with in the diet restr ictions or in other words, altering an unhealthy food into healthy one without altering the original taste of the same. Health programmes that promote a balanced diet cannot succeed if people are unable to make intelligent choices about food. Traditional cooking is not a guarantee either for healthy food or for a rational preparation of food. This is where the scientific programme of molecular gastronomy can be useful. Science is the basis for new technology and innovation and it is not different in gastronomy. The achievements of science in the field of gastronomy have won a definite recognition worldwide. However, for chefs, and hopefully scientists as well, the main aim is to surprise and delight their guests with exciting, tasty and healthy food. Molecular gastronomy in contemporary hospitality industry With the development of tourism industry, the science of domestic and commercial cooking has moved from the hands of a few key players to the dominion of serious scientific venture. In the context of serious competition, every element in the food service industry is striving to adopt innovation and novelty using technology, to which molecular gastronomy has given a new face of distinctiveness. The cooking chemistry or molecular cuisine has helped the modern restaurants to a great extend to enhance cooking speed, service speed and very obviously the food quality along with the ability to keep the food fresh. A few techniques in molecular gastronomy Colloids Colloid is a chemical substance dispersed in molecular level evenly throughout one another. The particles of the dispersed substance are only suspended in the blend, unlike in a solution in which they are totally dissolved. This takes place because the elements in a colloid are larger than in a liquid. The colloidal system is used for making different types of foam, solid gel, emulsion and solid emulsion. Lecithin (Lecite) Lecithin is phospholipids extracted from soybean, partially water-soluble, and an emulsifier that helps fat and water stay together. For that reason, it is often added to chocolate, cheese, margarine, and salad dressing. It has health benefits, such as reducing cholesterol intensity. It is often added to flavoured liquids and then mixed to generate foams that are topped onto dishes to offer added appearance and texture. Maltodextrin powder Maltodextrin is a complex carbohydrate consisting of dextrose (glucose), maltose, maltotriose and higher polysaccharides. Maltodextrin is used in a wide variety of products, extending from bodybuilders, animal trainers (horses and greyhounds) to pharmaceutical manufacturers. Tapioca maltrodextrin is a popular product used to make powdered oil and fat products such as white truffle powder, and olive oil powder. Guar Gum Guar is a white free flowing powder, completely soluble in hot or cold water to form a tasteless, odourless, non-toxic solution. Guar gum powder has five to eight times the coagulating power of starch. It is mainly used as a binding agent, mixtures, thickener, and emulsifier in food products, such as cheese spreads, ice cream and other frozen desserts. Methylcellulose This forms a gel when heated, and melts into liquid when it cools. This is similar to gelatine. This quality can improve a food if it undergoes heating in its preparation and requires stability at cooking temperature (for example: preventing a sauce from thinning out). It is used as a binding agent for foods that need to keep their parts collectively. Products such as pasta, vegetable burgers, onion rings, and potato products are improved by its combining strength. This is due to its cohesive nature at low temperatures and the structural integrity at higher temperatures. Implementation and provision of MG in hospitality industry Molecular gastronomy principles, practices and provisions items have captured the intellect of both the chefs and their customers worldwide. Although initially intended to cater for the high purpose of the gourmet market, molecular gastronomy has been welcomed in assorted areas of the hospitality industry. Useful dining restaurants, cafà ©s and bistros, avail venues, specialist bars, prestigious and mainstream hotels; and all the more establishments that specialise in pastry and desserts are incorporating this style of cuisine to assorted degrees into their operations. As any other fields, molecular gastronomy also attracted much criticism from food writers and chefs around the world. Many established chefs did not accept molecular gastronomy as scientific gastronomic phenomena but labelled it as temporary style of cuisine (Hill, 2009). But in the context of Australian hospitality industry, hampering of successful insertion of molecular gastronomy was a lack of firsthand experience and training, which was recognized both by industry as well as the government. Another barrier facing the Australian industry is the inadequate supply and high prices for specialist food chemicals and equipments to incorporate various techniques of molecular gastronomy. The distribution of these chemicals and equipments are limited to a few suppliers and shops. Even though this is the case, Hill had identified a few restaurants in Victoria such as Fenix, Interlude and Vue de monde that offer limited molecular gastronomic techniques throughout their menus. Competition There is no doubt that hospitality industry is facing increasing competition than ever before. To withstand this pressure of competition, chefs should be able to remain innovative and attract new as well as existing customers by satisfying their demandingly increasing sophisticated expectations. In fact people are always looking for new and unique experiences. As a result of this, in recent years there has been a great emphasis on innovation, creativity and importance of innovation competency. In response, many chefs has accepted the concept of molecular gastronomy and working on it to achieve greater innovative competency and occupational competency. In his model of innovative culinary competency, Lei Hu (2010) has positioned molecular gastronomy among new technologies that helps innovation, where other factors being creativity, culture, aesthetics, product, service and management. This underpins the fact that molecular gastronomy is a scientific gastronomic phenomenon as mentioned earlier in this literature, than a temporary style of cooking. In the age of technology dominating every aspect of human life, molecular gastronomy is the new cooking technique dominating mans nourishment. Culinary tourism Culinary tourism is a relatively new industry came into being in 2003. It can be described as a subset of tourism, where tourists also consider the enjoyment of interesting and traditional or novel and innovative food and drink, while people travel. This subset of tourism promotes every gastronomic experience, with every tourist pursuit for unique and memorable eating and drinking experience. Tourists always tend to consider the local cuisine of destination or at least consider the available cuisines, as dining out is one of the top most tourist activities and nearly 100% of tourists eat out when they travel. This trend gives a huge opportunity to restaurants use molecular gastronomy to innovate and attract their patrons. Molecular gastronomy in many parts of the world has revolutionized restaurant dining experience and at the same time, led to new enjoyment and appreciation of food. A few examples include EI Bulli in Spain and the Fat Duck in the United Kingdom (Barham et. al. 2010) , two restaurants that since adopting a new scientific approach to cooking have become widely regarded as among the best restaurants in the world. This is noticeable evidence of people accepting or influenced by the new cooking science or molecular gastronomy. When we look into the tourists trends, the opportunity for success of molecular gastronomy is apparently huge. 27 million leisure travellers have participated in culinary related travel in the last 3 years in the US, while spending $12 Billion directly on culinary related activities (Schmantowsky, year unknown). The actual market segment includes more affluent people, who are highly motivated to experience unique and memorable dining experience. Studies prove that on an average, one third of total travel budget goes towards food related activities. The top six culinary tourist destinations include California (14%), Florida (10%), New York (7%), Texas (6%), North Carolina (4%) and Georgia (4%) (Schmantowsky, year unknown). Molecular gastronomy could be a catalyst to culinary tourism which has a great potential to increase tourism generated revenue and the strategic partnership of culinary schools, hospitality organisations, chefs and scientists is the key to success of it. SWOT analysis Strengths Demand: From the time restaurants started utilizing molecular gastronomy for developing new dishes, public has widely accepted the uniqueness and newness of the experience. From the chefs point of view, MG is a tool for innovation in the field to attract their customers and stay in business. Without thinking about any downsides of the technique, thus the public as well as the industry has widely accepted molecular gastronomy, while expecting and demanding more from it. This increasing demand has made or will make molecular gastronomy much popular worldwide. Hospitality industrys enthusiasm to change: from the very early time, hospitality industry is changing every now and then, because of changing trends and tastes of customers, increasing competition, technology adoptation, and varying needs of customers. In fact this is the ever dynamic industry when compared to any other industries. This enthusiasm or eagerness of hospitality industry in general provides a great opportunity to make use of molecular gastronomy in its operations and a catalyst for further changes. Thus the science of food has got great support from the hospitality industry. As technology is easily imitated now days, due to globalisation, molecular gastronomy techniques could be easily learned by enthusiast chefs around the world. Supply of raw materials: due to the increasing demand for molecular gastronomy, the demand for the ingredients also has raised especially various thickeners, stabilizers and emulsifiers. Since the success of restaurants like EI Bulli and the fat duck, in 2005-06, this demand has further elevated. The supply of these ingredients is only available in large quantities to the food industry, restricting the use of these chemicals by untrained or unprofessional people, which is on a safer side (lersch, 2007). In Australia Suppliers has positive prospects to add value and expand their product range and services to the industry. Ingredients for molecular gastronomy Weaknesses Molecular gastronomy is still gaining popularity, and the knowledge and experience of it are limited in most parts of the world within the industry and culinary training providers. It will take fair amount of time to spread throughout the industry and will take further long period for standardisation of new recipes. Also there is limited accessibility to special ingredients and equipments such as smoking machine, blow torch and gastro vac which are much needed for cooking techniques, which is a constraint for this field at the moment. Due to the scarcity and limited accessibility, most countries working on molecular gastronomy are relying on imported goods and equipments which resulted in increased costs for the same. As most countries are relying on French and Spanish resources, where molecular gastronomy originated from, there is a limitation in independent research and experiment in the field. This situation is also made worst by the language barriers between these countries. In a ddition, the existing workload in the hospitality industry provides less time to chefs for research and experiment in molecular gastronomy. Also there are limited technical books published in English language making things much more difficult. Opportunities Hill recognizes a few opportunities for molecular gastronomy in the Australian hospitality industry, which is more or less similar to many other countries. Countries with limited access to the resources could gain knowledge and skills from internationally recognised expert chefs and broaden their set of skills by integrating molecular gastronomy into the existing culinary programmes. Apart from this professional networks should be promoted with increasing research and experiments in the field. Acquiring knowledge should be transferred to culinary students and the industry professionals to develop a culture with strong gastronomic foundation. Threats When focusing on threats to molecular gastronomy, the major barriers hindering the growth are once again the increased costs of commodities and equipments due to increased demand and supply issues. Another threat is the changing trends and demand of todays customers which may lead to decreasing popularity and in turn lead to less interest among chefs and decreased need for training in this area. It is contradictory to say that customers has widely accepted and are demanding for molecular gastronomy but at the same time changing customer behaviour can hinder the growth of molecular gastronomy. This is because the popular trend created by new dishes evolved from molecular gastronomy has been widely accepted by the public due to its newness and unique nature. But once it is popular and widely available everywhere, it is not any more new or unique. Moreover, people who have tried the molecular style of cuisine may not go for it every time, but stick back to their favourite recipes, unless molecular gastronomy can create captivating recipes every now and then. However, these reasons are not at all a barrier for the growth of this particular discipline till it gains its popularity around the world. There is another aspect of molecular gastronomy which is not emphasised in any of the studies: that is about the health. Most of the chemicals which are directly harmless to human body often have side effects. So, the intense use of chemicals in the cooking process should be of great concern. For example, most of the allopathic medicines which cures disease, mostly have foreseen negative side effects causing ill health. Just like that extreme use of various chemicals in molecular gastronomy to alter the physical form of foods should be studied in detail before it is commercially popular. More over the technique to change the texture, consistency and taste of food in molecular level could be maltreated in future just like invention of atomic reactions meant for energy are later used to make atom bombs, which is now a threat for human existence. Conclusion Molecular gastronomy is a pathway to innovation in culinary industry for chefs and a wonderful new enjoyment for the customers. Even though this field of science has proved its scientific nature and uniqueness, still there is a second opinion among the chefs in the industry. This may be due to the fact that major role in this respect is limited to the French and Spanish with limited resources available to the rest of the world. Better translation of the resources and international co-operation among the professionals may help to educate everyone working in the industry, thus creating a holistic awareness about this discipline. But at the same time, while molecular gastronomy gives way to unbelievable innovations, there is a need for preserving the old traditional recipes which remain successful without any alterations for years. Molecular gastronomy is a milestone in the culinary industry, taking it into another level, while correcting the old recipes scientifically and inventing new trendy ones. Hospitality being an ever dynamic industry, and with the evolution of culinary tourism, it became essential for entrepreneurs to exhibit innovation and new trends in customer service, which is enhanced by molecular gastronomy to a great extend. Although this is the case, due to limited awareness and popularity among the public, certain areas of molecular gastronomy is still in distrust. Intense use of chemicals to change the physical and chemical properties of food is giving room for scepticism. This calls for a controlling body in each country and globally for close monitoring the work in molecular gastronomy, as there are organisations to control food hygiene and nutrition. This will provide certain norms for experiments and new recipes using the molecular gastronomic technology, before it reaches the public.

Ryanair Marketing Strategy And Strategic Issues

Ryanair Marketing Strategy And Strategic Issues The main aim of our course work is to critically estimate or appraise Marketing Strategy of Ryan air airlines and to point out some strategic issues which practically shows the planning procedure and provide some new planning procedures which gives information build and coverage towards strategic issues. We have to discuss about the Ryan air customer service which keeps the Ryan air airlines in top position from past decade. We have to identify the Advantages and Disadvantages that are under lying with in this company and the improvements which are observed by the customers and to discuss about how far the company reaching customer satisfaction in this Competitive market. Rayair ways is an Irish limited and it stands first among all the other air lines in Europe . This was all started in the year 1985 by rayns family with only 25 customers in their first route from Waterford to London Gatwick airport with 15 seats.slowly this company grew and it became the top in Europe air industrys connecting 150 destinations in more than 25 countries with cheapest air tickets .this air ways have a mojor role in the stock markets of Europe as this company is the largest tax payers. As the company grew day by day it had implemented certain policies in servies and their prices which have attracted the customers largely.this company operated with only 5000 customers in the beginning but now this industry operates well over 70 million customers as per the survey conducted in the year 2009.This is the only airlines which have deceased their cost tickets to a very less price which has created a revolution in the entire European air industries which made raynair airways to stand in no1 position along with customer satisfaction in the air lines world. Raynair overview The overview gives us proper description regarding the position and the details of the company as a competitor among the other industries. The cheif of the company Michael o leary was awarded the best busuiness man which brought a respectable name to the industry also in the year 1994 this company had it first boieng 737 which gradually increased to 210 boieng planes by the end of year 2009 increasing the profit to the company as well as the ceating capacity of the plains.rayn air has new routes which save d the time of the customers travelling by those routes and this also attracted the customers to a largr extent.the company also had a good customer care services as they cleared all the quires by the customers within 7 days and they dont have any marketing agencies which benefits the company as well as the customer also and they are confirmed about the prices of thrir trips Raynair position: The company has occupied no 1 position in the entire Europe and 16th position among the worlds competetion. In To obtain this spot the company works very hard by implementing new ideas and making changes in this competition world . the people responsible for this is everone who aorks for the betterment of the company . this company has defeated british airways in customer service ,baggage missing and profits. Achievements and Awards: Rayanairs achievements are as follows, It took many awards from Irish government also from the other world air line boards. The company 2 prestigeous charity awareds for their services towards the disabled persons It also backed the best deaf and blind friendly award in serving the deaf and blind people. Was awarded the best advertising award for it advertisements. The college of business and in the year 2006 has awarded Rayn air with ucc alumnus award. Rayn air has achieved the best business and service awards from the government of Ireland. Customer service: Rayn air goes with the motto to provide the best service for its customers by Online ticket booking from outside the airport. Solving their problems ,requests and others before departures. Takes care in baggage handling. Makes sure that no baggage is missing as it the most important from the customers aspect. Advertising on television help the customers to know about thier flights , fairs ,and also about the destinations to which flights will travel and departure. It has its own magazine t help the customers. Advertises itself through british broad caste channel and also more frequently during the breaks when live sports are going on. Raynair employees: It has more than 7000 employees working in the company who has good communication skills and customer service skills . The company also has a human resource development department that deals with the problems regarding the employees and to create a friendly atmosphere where in they can work more effectively. The company takes care about the health and safety of the customers and the employees working for the company. The company also provide proper training for the employees to avoid accidents during flight and these training programmes were also approved by the Irish avation authority lead by Ireland government. MARKETING MANAGEMENT: Ryan air deals to increase the companies profit by making use of the resources which makes improvements in marketing techniques and management . Every such department has a manager for each who are responsible for managing things which the company implements. MARKETING STRATEGY: The main stratergy of Raynair is customer service oriented that influences the company increasing its profit directly along with the brand name. Raynair estimates low air fares with more passengers and charging on the baggage along with value added tax.the secret behind the success of Rayn air is the cheap availability of the air tickets in different charges for different classes and charging the baggage on both economy and business class is same.the main difference is the quality of requirements in plains.proper maintenance and operating model of network that communicates from different bases has been the successful stratergy . More stratergies are covered in swot analysis that have been achieved by regular changes in their policies due to market copetetion. SWOT ANALYSIS: STRENGTHS: The company has a brand name as it is operating more than 2 decades. Customer can pay directly to the company. Increase in seats made less maintenance cost less which benefiting the company Boeing plains are easy to operate just like the other planes to the employees. Safety of baggage in comparision with other airlines. Operates very good network which makes the trip fast and safe. WEAKNESS: Discounts are not properly provided. Has a bad impression from print media. Extension of business to other countries is not allowed. Customers are charged for their baggages where as the other air lines are providing it for free or less cost comparatively. New routes made the destinations delay and reach on wrong time by which the customers would loose their patience. OPPURTUNITIES: Ryan air has many destinations in Europe. Plays a major part in stock exchange. Rayn air won profits even at the time of recession. Cheap flight tickets attracts more customers. THREATS: Rapid hike in fuel on regular bases. Competition from other air lines. Price motivation Opposition from print media. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES: Internet ticket booking direct from the company. Reaching the destinations in a single flight. Greater qualities in services. Own airlines. Faster service in reching the destinations. Less ticket fair. Offers and previllages and compliments on buying the tickets It has no agencies Flights have more seating capacity. Disadvantages Seats are not allotted properly to the customers. Cancellation of tickets may take long time and some times customers may loose money. Cargo services are provided for free of cost. Opposed by the paper and print media. Baggage is also charged in extra other then ticketing and value added tax. Air bags and oxygen masks are provided at the customers request. CONCLUSION: From the above discussion we concluded that the marketing strategies of Ryan air airlines is well planned and executed and some strategic issues which are applied to the company to achieve good market in the airlines business which are done in practical manner. We concluded that the rain air airlines is number 1 in Europe continent and most respect company in the world which maintain strategies according to customer needs and maintain health and security precautions for both passengers and employees. Ryan air airlines has lot of problems that the people are not satisfied with the offers and extra charges which are held in baggage and food. Ryan air also extracts some advantages like low cost air tickets, Security, Service. Some of the problems with Ryan air airlines are cancellation of tickets will be done when conditions apply when compared to other airlines and extra charges on Luggage and more taxes and vat which altogether comes to the cost of other airlines and more passengers a re un satisfied about their journey and at one time Michael says that the Ryan air airlines are charging  £1 for using toilets which brings bad impression on the airline. This company do not have any agencies and the company is directly accessed by the customers through internet which is completely secured and the passengers made payments through their pc. Finally we concluded that this Ryan Air Airlines plans to operate their network throughout the world with more flights and to spread their customer satisfaction throughout the world.

Big Game and Greasy Lake: two stories depicting a similar theme Essay

T. Coraghessan Boyle’s "Greasy Lake" and "Big Game" are similarly structured but completely different short stories that explain the transitions of people from fake slaves of their image to genuine and realized individuals. If not portrayed in the stories, the development in the characters certainly escapes into the reader’s imagination and almost magically makes them the learned. The plot of the two stories is one of the strongest lines connecting them together by way of foundation, but at the same time it establishes completely different story lines that follow the same beat. Boyle’s evolution from "Greasy Lake" to "Big Game" has also provided for a progression in his style. Evident from the two stories is the contrasted amounts of detail and abstract detail. In some sense, Boyle has mellowed over the two stories by leaving out many of the twists and turns of "Greasy Lake" in "Big Game," but in the same sense has become more exciting with more violence and action. The plots in the two stories are similar in structure and pattern of action. They both include violence and regretful lessons learned the hard way, and seam to involve similar events and characters. A definite change in Boyle’s plot over the course of the two stories however, is the loss in significance and importance of the plot and the take over by setting and character instead. &...

The Effect Of Advertising On P :: essays research papers

What does it mean to be physically fit? Does it mean you can throw a football like John Elway, or hit a baseball like Sammy Sosa? Does it mean you can run a mile in one hundred degree weather under twelve minutes, or swim fifteen laps across a pool in one minute? Is physical fitness being anorexic or being on steroids. That’s what the media makes it look like. The average female super model is up to fifty pounds underweight. Sixty-two percent of football players take some form of muscle enhancing product. Many girls worry about their physical appearance. They want to look like the model in this add for Calvin Klein and other advertisements. They think that’s how everyone wants them to look. Many will go to any length to get that way. That often leads to serious eating disorders like anorexia. It’s crazy because even the models don’t look like the adds. Almost ninety-six percent of magazine and t.v adds are touched up by computer to look â€Å"perfect.â₠¬  The effect advertising has on some people’s personal appearance is bad. Even people that don’t develop eating disorders still feel bad about themselves at one point or another because they don’t look like the advertisements, like society wants them to look. The â€Å"standard† that the media shows has other negative effects besides eating disorders. It can also lead to shame, guilt, stress, depression, and a lack of confidence. It’s not just girls that are shown in these ads. Guys are shown that they should be muscular, and well built. They sometimes turn to steroids to get like that. Some even develop eating disorders. Guys also get a lack of confidence, they just won’t admit it. Most advertising discourages acceptance of people that are different than you. They show you people that look almost perfect, and a lot of people judge you on how you look compared to the models on t.v and in magazines. Advertisers shouldn’t focus so muc h on what a person looks like.

Prostitution Should be Illegal Essay -- social issues

Prostitution Should be Illegal Prostitution should be cleaned off our streets. It first started in the early 1800’s. Prostitution is defined as providing sexual service, for the return of money. Exchange of money for sexual service. Heterosexual prostitution is the most common. Homosexual, gays and lesbians exists on smaller scales. Prostitution is a hazardous business. People selling themselves are at high risk. The women more then men. Both men and women are at risk in getting disease that has no cure. Prostitution all together should be stopped and put an end to. Prostitution takes place in many different places. Massage parlors, call-girl and call-men (also know as escort services), street prostitution, strip clubs, etc. It was believed that the most population in 1800’s was migrants. These migrants were mostly single men, husbands who left tem who left temporarily left their wives and children at home. Massage parlors were located close to railway stations. Prostitution increased during world war one when hardly and employment during world war one when hardly any employment for women was offered and it decreased during world war two for grater economic opportunities for lower-class women in war related industrials. 50% of the women in Toronto work for themselves. Street prostitution is the most visible form of prostitution that receives the most attention. Prostitutions needed the money not only to support themselves but to support but to support there family’s....

Prospero’s Speech: The Art of Theater Essay

Shakespeare is commonly known as a great writer; but we cannot lose sight of the fact that he is every inch   a man of theater, very much like Henrik Ibsen of the nineteenth century. His career in theater began as an actor. Working closely with the manager and the actors gave him a great sense of theater which is evident in all his major plays. In The Tempest Prospero’s speech (4.1.148-158)   about the farewell to his magic is regarded as Shakespeare’s farewell to his dramatic writings symbolized by the breaking of Prospero’s magic wand. Here Shakespeare shows himself a master of language which is lucid and direct. In As You Like It the Senior Duke’s remark â€Å"This wide and universal theatre/   presents more woeful pageants..† triggers   Jaques’ reflection   on the resemblance between human life and   an actor’s performance on the stage: â€Å"All the world is a stage,/ All men and women merely players;/ they have their exits and entrances;/ And one man plays in his time plays many parts,/ His acts being seven ages.† ( 2.7.137-143 ) This speech shows how deeply Shakespeare’s mind was involved with the   theater. In his famous speech following the report of Lady Macbeth’s death, Macbeth compares his frustrated life after the crime to an unimpressive actor â€Å"..Out, out, brief candle!/ Life’s but a walking shadow, a poor player/ That struts and frets his hour upon the stage,/ And then is heard nor more:† (5.5.17) It would not be an exaggeration to say   that Shakespeare’s greatest gift was theatrical: transforming well-known stories from Plutarch’s Lives, Seneca, Ovid, Lodge, Greene and many old plays into tragedies like   Romeo and Juliet, Macbeth, King Lear, and Julius Caesar, and into comedies like As You Like It and Twelfth Night. Early he joined Lord Chamberlain’s company of players which became King’s company till Globe Theatre was built in 1599. According to A.L.Rowse he used to take charges of horses at the playhouse before he became an actor (Rowse.97) and later became a partner in the Globe Theatre. His entry into theater was attacked by Greene’s   well-known caustic remark: â€Å"Yea, trust him not.: for there is an upstart crow, beautified with our feathers, that with his ‘Tiger’s heart wrapped in a player’s hide’, supposes he is well able to   bombast out a blank verse as the best of you, and being an absolute Johannes Factotum, is in his own conceit the only Shakes-scene in a country.† Having tasted popularity with his histories and comedies, Shakespeare had his tragedies performed at Globe under his supervision and fully exploited the talents of   tragic   actor like Richard Burbage and comic actor like William Kempe . As   female roles were acted by boys in his time, it was his sense of theater that prompted him to disguise his heroines like Portia, Rosalind and Viola in male attire and thereby help the boy actors look natural. The Elizabethan stage had no painted scenery and the play was acted in day light, he used his superb blank verse speeches to make the audience forget their surrounding and concentrate on the play. Besides poetry, he also skillfully used costume, gestures, group of talented actors, music, procession and dancing for the highest dramatic effect. The inadequacy of the bare Elizabethan stage had to be compensated with good expositions. Shakespeare conveyed the necessary information about the setting and the major characters and the situation to the spectators in the opening scenes of As You Like It, Twelfth Night, Antony and Cleopatra and other plays through natural dialogue.   In Julius Caesar he makes it clear to the audience that there is sufficient light at night before Brutus reads the letter thrown in by one of the conspirators. His first hand knowledge helped him   cater to the taste of the smoking gallants and fashionable ladies, the attentive audience who were generous with applause but also ready to hiss and mew at bad performance and also the ill-smelling groundlings who paid a penny to be entertained with comic scenes like Porter scene and the grave diggers’ scene. His plays are definitely for all ages and all times, but they are very much geared to Elizabethan theater. References Greenblatt, Stephen. (1997) The Norton Shakespeare. N.York. W.W.Norton & Co. Rowse, A.L. (1963) William Shakespeare. London. Macmillan. 1963

Music and Its Influence Essay

These primitive musicians would not have known many of the modern terms such as octaves and pitch, but they invented quite possibly the most important aspect of music today – just whack it. Music is basically the control of sound. We can control this sound by varying the pitch, tempo, octaves, and dynamics and so on. There are thousands of ways that we can use music and to shape it to how we want to hear it. But how much has music influenced the way we think today? Why is it so popular? Music dates right back to the prehistoric eras where primitive instruments were constructed using items like bone and woodQuite literally, they would have used things like 2 bones and they would have ‘whacked’ them together. This would obviously have made a sound – either loud or quite depending on how hard you hit them together. Take these primitive bones and add on 8 or 9 thousand years of musical evolution and you get the modern day drum kit. In my own opinion; instrumentsHave come a very long way. In my research drums, guitars and pianos has change in the way it looks and sounds. Ask yourself! How far did music come from to now? First close your eyes and picture this, even today if you go to some native parts of Africa or Asia. you can see tribes of people performing primeval forms of music. They do this for both entertainment and their religious belief. This form of music normally consists of basic wind instruments and small, hand-made percussion instruments normally made from animal skin or fur. This has been kept traditional by the tribe as they have not been into contact with the outside world. They have managed to keep their precious tradition for thousands of years, and they will be able to keep it for years to come. Their music is the only real surviving traditional music from the early days, and that genre of music has slowly made its way into western culture. If we see a film about a jungle, normally the soundtrack is composed of instruments like bongos or shakers. This is because we instantly associate this sort of music with jungles and indigenous tribes. So whereas some parts of the world stayed traditionalist, other parts were taking music to the next step. Western cultures have used music for almost every aspect of life. Music was used for entertainment and religion. Some countries have unfortunately lost their culture and heritage thanks to more developed countries trying to expand their empires. Traditional drums and flutes have been replaced with more vibrant shakers and trumpets. It is no doubt that the way other countries have acted has greatly affected the distribution of music worldwide. I’m sure you’ll all agree when I say that music is changing very fast. It’s either that or we keep changing our tastes in music every five minutes – which is far more probable. Today if someone put on a record from just 10-20 years ago we’d probably think of that music as being incredibly old or very simple. I don’t know about you, but I can’t stand to watch some (if not most) of the early Top of the Pops because the music is so old. We think of this as being old, but in fact it is incredibly new. The music industry has become overwhelmingly popular ever since some of the pioneers of modern music. Before the War, there had never been a real music industry, but during the war many radio stations made the majority of their income by playing music because lots of music during that era was lyrically focused on subjects like peace and hope. This was undoubtedly something that people wanted to hear, so the music industry started to really form during this time. WHAT? I’ll just get the album when it comes out, thanks. After this, more and more businesses and corporations started to set up record labels and started to sign more and more artists to their label and then distributing their music in CD/Vinyl release and on the radio. Since then, technology of all sorts has had to shape the way it works so that it can keep up with the music industry. Many devices that once had no connections to music now play music and the radio due to customer demands. For example, a fridge with a built in radio. Record labels have got so big nowadays, that they are starting to charge excessive fees for artist’s music. Many bands/artists have recognized this and have made their own record labels so they can have their own means of music distribution. Some examples of these would be Nothing Records, owned by Trent Reznor of Nine Inch Nails, and Morning Records, owned by the Cooper Temple Clause. During my research I’ve learned how music changes the lives of people throughout the world. I can honestly say, I have discovered how has influenced my life and the production of my music. In conclusion, music has evolved substantially from its early days as a form of basic ceremonious compliments to a huge booming industry that plays a major role in our culture and it continues to change every day to suit the needs of the consumers, who enjoy music for what it is, rather than the profit that can be made from record labels.

Journal Outline

REQUIREMENTS FOR ADVERTISING DESIGN PROCESS JOURNALS (BDG56160) 1. 0DESIGN JOURNAL MANDATORIES A design journal is meant to show your learning progress and development as a Graphic Designer/Art Director. It is YOUR journal, so it should reflect who you are when people read your journal. ? A4/A3 in size. DO NOT use a readily bound black sketchbook. Compile and print all your notes, research and etc on loose A4 paper. Bind your journal with the standard black comb binding l. Create dividers to categorize the different sections of your journal. Example : Class notes, personal research, the different assignments, appendix, referencing and etc (according to the contents and what you have). ? A design for the cover of the journal including your particulars (name, student ID, class and etc). The cover must include a masthead bearing the words â€Å"Advertising Design Journal† ? Must be typed and printed with a margin of at least 1inch on all sides of the document.CHECKLISTS These are the things that must be included in your Advertising Design Journal ? Weekly Self Reflective: What have you learnt for this week? Not just for this module but also for the other modules you are taking and also what you’ve learnt personally outside of the campus. Do include constructive feedbacks, comments, suggestions and other engaging thoughts on how to improve yourself, reflections and developments of that particular week. Must be done every week. Class Notes : Include all your class notes and handouts here. ? Class Exercises & Homework: Include all given class exercises and homework here. ? The Assignments (in different sections): Include all sketches, mind maps, research, rationale, appendices, test prints, printouts, referencing and etc. ? Personal Research: Include all personal research, cut out from magazines, postcards, designs, innovations, articles, book reviews and etc which help improve your skills as a Graphic Designer in this category.This proves that you are doing your own personal research and development which complements your overall performance in terms of participation. All research included must be HIGHLIGHTED or UNDERLINED. Write your comments and feedback at the right side margins of the pages. DO NOT submit researches without any proof of study. ? Referencing: Include the references for all your research here. Please abide to the Har vard Referencing. c(an use this generator http://www. harvardgenerator. com or /http://libweb. anglia. ac. uk/referencing/harvard. htm for more information)

Critical Thinking In Teaching Writing Free Composition Education Essay

1.0 Introduction:The word â€Å" composing † may intend different things in different fortunes. It could be a personal narration, a short work of fiction or prose, an essay, a dramatic work or a verse form. Each of these plants has its ain set of regulations and features. It is presumed that pupils get downing composing free composing pieces will already hold had a thorough preparation in simple, intermediate, or outlined controlled composing work. The intent of the old types of composing techniques in authorship, as I assumed above, is supposed to assist the pupils to compose on any subject introduced by their instructors. Furthermore, they can execute good in scrutinies provided with stuffs, which they can utilize to show themselves clearly, efficaciously and consistently on any topic, which an ordinary individual is expected to cognize something about it. It is of consensus that authorship is a go oning procedure of detecting how to happen the most effectual linguistic comm unication for pass oning one ‘s ideas and feelings. It can be disputing, whether composing in one ‘s native linguistic communication or in a 2nd linguistic communication. As scholars put their ideas on paper, see their thoughts in handwriting or print, and portion them with others, they find that they develop a powerful voice in their new civilization. There is a really simple and of import ground to compose besides pass oning with each other: authorship helps our pupils learn. By composing, scholars reinforce grammatical constructions, parlances, and vocabulary they have been larning. In add-on, when they write they have the opportunity to be more adventuresome with the linguistic communication, they can travel beyond what they have merely learned to state, they take hazards. Finally, when they write, they become involved with the new linguistic communication ; they work hard to show their thoughts and the changeless usage of oculus, encephalon, and manus is a alone man ner to reenforce acquisition. For these grounds, this research is traveling to turn to this subject ( Teaching Writing Free Composition and how it will be thriven if implemented through Critical Thinking ) and in inside informations, attempts to germinate all experient techniques that contribute in success. So, after precise and thorough survey to the subject â€Å" Writing Free Composition † and what is known as â€Å" Critical Thinking ( Informal Logic ) , † appeared that the later is the most progressive manner to be explored for learning composing free composing successfully. This would be more obvious after understanding the definitions of the two. Since composing free composing could be defined as the degree of understanding that authorship is a critical country of the school course of study, a complex activity that includes the mechanics of authorship, including script ( or keyboarding, utilizing an adaptative device ) , spelling, and the rudimentss of linguisti c communication cognition ( i.e. , word morphology, sentence structure, and vocabulary ) . In add-on, it includes the undermentioned cognitive, meta-cognitive, self-regulatory, and motivational facets including: ( bring forthing thoughts to set into script or print, be aftering what to state and how to state it, forming the thoughts into a consistent whole, acknowledging the demands of readers and how to run into those demands, interpreting these programs into a written text, including a manner of authorship and word pick appropriate to the authorship undertaking and projected readers, retrieving all of the constituents that need to be included in bring forthing the composing, self-monitoring the procedure and reexamining the content, organisation, and mechanics and so redacting as needed possessing the cognitive capacity to cover with all of these facets of complexness, possessing the assurance, motive, and doggedness to prosecute in the difficult work needed to make a good written merchandise ) . In add-on, authorship is an of import portion of pupils ‘ lives after school, where many employers insist that employees should possess well-developed communicating accomplishments including composing accomplishments – a assortment of other intents are served by composing and developing composing capableness. There are several ways that authorship is of import in our lives: As a part to the development of a individual, no affair what that individual ‘s background and endowments are, composing is a extremely complex act that demands the analysis and synthesis of many degrees of thought. Writing develops enterprises. In reading, everything is provided. In authorship, the scholar must provide everything: the right relationship between sounds and letters, the order of the letters and their signifier on the page, the subject, information, inquiries, replies, and order. Writing develops bravery. At no point is the scholar more vulnerable than in authorship and /or speech production. Writing, more than any other topic, can take to personal discoveries in acquisition. Writing can lend to reading from the first twenty-four hours of school. Writing, some say, is active, whereas reading is inactive. Writing contributes strongly to reading comprehension, as kids grow up. The ability to revise composing for greater power and economic system is one of the higher signifiers of reading. To appreciate the connexion between good thought and good authorship, the pupil needs to see composing as something other than distinct spots of information to be studied and stored in memory ( Bean, 1996, p. 17 ) . In other words, pupils need to larn to believe critically about authorship and the universe, to measure information and make an educated sentiment about it, non simply accept it at face value. Students today live in an information-driven society. The challenge for them is to larn how to measure and utilize that information to happen the significance in the cognition, so that the cognition can successfully be applied to new state of affairss. When the pupil writes to larn what he or she thinks, he or she is practising critical thought in its basic signifier. A missive to a comparative, a note to a friend, and a diary entry are all illustrations of the â€Å" authorship to larn theory † if the pupil discovers what he or she thinks as he or she is composing. Write to larn assignments capitalise on pupils ‘ anterior cognition and coerce them to measure that cognition in order to make meaningful, individualized decisions. Hence, such assignments allow pupils to construct on anterior cognition in order to come on to the following cognitive degree of adulthood. Furthermore, compose to larn schemes by and large utilize Bloom ‘s Taxonomy of Educational Objectives ( 1956 ) , specifically the degrees of application, analysis, rating, and synthesis. Critical thought authorship is the coin of the kingdom here. It permeates the whole atmosphere instead than being compartmentalized into a individual class or slapped on as a series of accomplishments. I believe composing is the tool of thought. The best manner to larn to believe is to read a batch of good authorship and compose a batch about what you have read. Writing and the communicating of thoughts are cardinal to all subjects whether one is in school or the workplace. One of the most of impo rt accomplishments in the digital age is composing, in fact, one of the oldest. On the other manus critical thought is the procedure of actively analysing, measuring, and synthesising information gathered from a assortment of beginnings, utilizing a model designed to impart construction and lucidity to the thought procedure, so, nil is more relevant as an attack for learning composing free composing than what is worldly renowned as Critical Thinking. Critical authorship, at least does non let word acknowledgment to be hard, and if it does, pupils will utilize excessively much of their processing capacity to compose single words, which interferes with their ability to grok what they have written. Students need to see the instructor patterning the patterns for composing. Then they need to be instructed in guided pattern, in which the instructor helps, but finally turns over the modeling to the pupils, separately and in larning partnerships. This is indispensable for pupils to grok the subject. They must pattern composing accomplishments, utilizing different beginnings that they like and are of the appropriate degree for them. Anyhow, the subject of learning pupils to believe while composing â€Å" critical authorship † should be cardinal to any treatment of believing accomplishments, in portion because the authorship of any subject dramas such a outstanding function in the content Fieldss.1.1 Statement of the Problem:Many scholars and instructors likewise have nagged that the format of jobs in the schoolroom, peculiarly in scientific topics, bears small resemblance to the manner jobs look in existent life. What is the job? Where does it lie? How does it go on? Why does it for good reiterate? The absence of learning composing free composing critically is one of the obstructions that emerge beyond the replies. In fact, one of the most of import practical thought accomplishments one can get from critical authorship is to cognize how to place and work out a job. From the clip of Grecian philosophers to modern-day epoch, concerns about the demand for an educated people and quality work force, the ability to believe critically and to ground good have been regarded as an of import and necessary result of instruction. Learning to believe is the cardinal intent of instruction, because Critical Thinking calls for relentless attempt to analyze any belief or supposed signifier of cognition in the visible radiation of the grounds that supports it and the farther decisions to which it tends. It requires an ability to acknowledge jobs, to happen ways to undertake those jobs, to garner relevant information, to acknowledge unexpressed premises and values, to grok and utilize linguistic c ommunication with truth, lucidity, and favoritism, to construe informations, to measure grounds and evaluate statements, to retrace one ‘s forms of beliefs on the footing of wider experience, and to render accurate opinions. Educators are non entirely in acknowledging the importance of critical thought. The demands of employment in a planetary economic system, the endurance of a democratic manner of life and personal determination devising in a complex and quickly altering society, require people who can ground good and do good opinions. As our state is traveling towards a technology-based economic system confronting world-wide competition, employers demand workers that can believe flexibly and analytically integrate information from a assortment of beginnings and positions, and do profitable determinations. Sudan has a pluralistic society demands citizens who can open-mindedly measure the relevancy of different position on complex jobs. For pupils, workers, and citizens, crit ical thought is an indispensable tool for executing successfully in a complex and quickly changing universe. Teaching critical thought for both native talkers and foreign scholars, manipulate such obstructions by enabling one to analyze the factors encroaching on a state of affairs, forecast the results of possible classs of action, evaluate those results and weigh them relative to one another and seek to take so as to maximise positive results and minimise negative 1s. Furthermore, the beliefs people hold, and accordingly the illations they subsequently make and attitudes they subsequently assume, depend in portion on their logical thinking about the evidences for those beliefs. Despite widespread looks of concern about developing critical minds, surveies have shown that most schools are neither ambitious pupils to believe critically about academic topic, nor assisting them develop the logical thinking abilities needed to cover successfully with complexnesss of modern life. This be cause effectual direction for utilizing critical thought in instruction is non yet happening on a wide graduated table although critical thought is widely lauded as one of the most critical educational ends today.1.2 Aims of the Survey:1 – To measure through empirical observation the effectivity of utilizing critical thought in learning composing free composing on pupils abilities to compose critically about every subject issues and on the pupils temperaments toward critical thought in general. 2 – To develop abilities needed to compose critically to happen out about life demands in general, e.g. interpretation and incorporating information from different beginnings and constructing and reasoning a instance to explicate grounds as accepted. 3 – To utilize those same abilities for mundane written undertakings and be able to discourse why authorship is so of import. 4 -To have an apprehension of and be able to utilize critically the chief standards of good essay authorship. 5 -To be cognizant of the basic proficient and stylistic considerations involved in composing. Of all facets of analyzing, composing is likely the most ambitious. That is because when we write down an history of our thoughts for other people to read we have to explicate ourselves peculiarly carefully. We can non do the mental spring we do when we are in conversation with others or believing about something for ourselves. 6 – To do our significance clear, utilizing merely words on a page, we have to work out precisely what we think about the topic. We come to understand it for ourselves in the procedure of explicating it to others. Therefore, composing makes us truly cope with what we are analyzing. In other words, it forces us into a really deep and powerful sort of acquisition. That is what makes it so demanding. When we write we are truly seting thoughts to utilize. In composing we have done antecedently, we may hold ‘taken in ‘ thoughts from books, articles, Television and so on. However, it is merely when we can utilize these thoughts to state something for ourselves that we have truly ‘learned ‘ them. Ideas merely become a properly functioning portion of our thought-processes when we can name on them as we communicate with other people. It is really valuable to debate issues with other pupils in treatment groups. Nevertheless, an even more fastidious manner of util izing thoughts in statement is to make it in composing. A cardinal portion of utilizing thoughts efficaciously is to be able to compose clearly and persuasively. In our society, this is a really valuable accomplishment. It puts us on a much better picking with other people if we can show our point of position forcefully in composing. Possibly we started out on our surveies with the thought merely of larning more about art, music, or history, but we may detect that one of the most valuable things we gain is the ability to compose much more efficaciously. Whether we start with a instead weak composing manner or a reasonably good developed one, there is ever plentifulness of advancement to be made. So composing tends to be both the most demanding and the most rewarding portion of any class of survey. In add-on, because it contributes so much to what we learn, we have to set a batch of our clip and energy into it. 7- To separate the important difference between the groups of pupils who receive critical authorship in learning composing free subjects, and those who do non. 8- To reenforce the relationship between the scholars and the linguistic communication by actuating them to make their best to larn it in reacting to what the prophesier Mohammed ( Peace Be Upon Him ) said about larning foreign linguistic communications.1.3 The Significance of the Study1- The research worker is traveling to cast some visible radiations on the jobs that encounter the pupils and instructors while composing free composing. 2- Teaching composing free composing throughout critical thought will supply distinguishable advantages over more traditional attacks and techniques. 3- This survey is for the benefit of both pupils who suffer from still being merely inactive receptors in composing free composing and the instructors who are in demand to be reminded to research this manner based on the recommendations and findings regarded to the course of study interior decorators.1.4 Questions of the Survey:Based on the statement of the job, this survey sought to reply the undermentioned inquiries. 1. Will a group of pupils who receives explicit learning in analysing and construing jobs harmonizing to critical thought theoretical account perform better on a trial that requires them to analyse and synthesise a set of primary beginnings than a group of similar pupils non having such specifications? 2. To what extent will a group of pupils who receives preparation and utilizing of critical authorship theoretical account performs better on a undertaking necessitating rating of the subject subject than a group of similar pupils non having direction in critical authorship? 3. Will a group of pupils who receives developing in critical authorship differ in their attitudes and temperaments towards critical thought from a group of similar pupils non having expressed direction in critical authorship? 4. Will at that place be a statistically important difference in pupil public presentation by method of direction harmonizing to age? 5. Will at that place be a statistically important difference in pupil public presentation by method of direction harmonizing to gender? 6. To what extent is the construct of critical thought illuminated by those within rational history concerned with bettering the general quality of the pupils ‘ ideas? 7. How can critical thought be adopted to advance scholars linguistic communication?1.5 The Study Hypotheses: ( modified by Dr. Madani )There will be a important difference between the quality of the authorship of the pupils who use critical thought accomplishments in the procedure of authorship ( experimental group ) and the quality of the authorship of the pupils who do non utilize critical thought accomplishments ( control group. ) This will be achieved by proving the undermentioned research hypotheses: Teachers think that it is likely that the usage of critical thought accomplishments will excite pupils and better their thought and authorship ( CWC ) more than the usage of other traditional methods of learning authorship ( Non – CWC ) . Teachers enjoy the usage of critical thought accomplishments in authorship. Teachers think that the usage of critical thought creates a more restful and concerted ambiance in the schoolroom. Teachers will experience confident, competent and execute good in the schoolroom as a consequence of being trained in learning critical thought accomplishments.1.6 The Scope of the Survey:Using critical thought in learning composing free composing to Sudanese secondary schools pupils is the survey which will be conducted and done in ( Al-Qabbas Diplomatic Secondary School for male childs ) and ( Al-Qabbas Diplomatic Secondary School for misss ) by the research worker. The research worker will establish the survey on his old experiments and observations in learning Writing Free Composition in secondary schools in Sudan and Saudi Arabia during the old ages ( 1995 – 2009 ) . This survey is devoted to the description of the methodological analysis used to look into the usage of Critical Thinking in Teaching Writing Free Composition. The research worker conducted limited experiments during the mentioned above old ages. Questionnaire, pre-test and post-test are used for informations evocation and analysis. The experimenter himself manipulates the tool narrowly. Students were tested after they have been taught indiscriminately by two different methods ( conventional group and experimental group ) where Teaching Writing Free Composition critically is used within a narrow range.1.7 Terminology of the Survey:Calcium: Communicative Approach Connecticut: Critical Thinking CWC: Critical Writing Classs CWFC: Critical Writing Free Composition. ELT: English Language Teaching. Non-CWC: Non- Critical Writing Classs Thallium: Transportation of Language